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Significant improvement of the above-mentioned parameters was demonstrated with the administration of either MP or O3, whereas best amelioration was achieved by combining half the dose of MP with ozone.The UCLA population studies of chronic obstructive respiratory disease: XI. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SNAC where to buy salcaprozate] of air pollution and smoking on annual change in forced expiratory volume We assessed the relative impact of residential exposure to community air pollution and habitual cigarette smoking on lung function by comparing the annualized rate of change in forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1) in current, former, and never-smokers 25 to 59 yr of age residing in three demographically similar areas of the Southern California air basin who had been chronically oxides of nitrogen, and probably hydrocarbons (Long Beach), together with moderate levels of sulfur dioxide. Of the 621 to 763 nonsmokers, 317 to 479 former smokers and 472 to 691 continuing smokers residing in the three areas who were studied initially, 53 to 64, 49 to 59, and 43 to 54%, respectively, were retested. For male residents, area of residence and smoking category each had highly significant effects on FEV1 decline (two-way ANCOVA; p &lt; 001) without significant interaction (p &gt; 0). After adjustment for baseline FEV1, age, height, and a history of allergy, the mean decline in FEV1 attributable to living in Long Beach compared with living in Lancaster was 23 ml/yr, which was 71% of the rate of decline in FEV1 (33 ml/yr), attributable to smoking &gt; 1 pack of cigarettes per day.<br /><br /> For female residents, a significant interaction was noted between area and smoking (p &lt; 05).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)Reaction of alkenes with hydrogen-terminated and photooxidized silicon surfaces. A comparison of thermal and photochemical processes.Drive, Ottawa, Ontario, K1A 0R6, Canada.Reagentless micropatterning of hydrogen-terminated Si(111) via UV irradiation through a photomask has proven to be a convenient strategy for the preparation of ordered bicomponent monolayers. The success of this technique relies upon the differential rate of reaction of an alkene with the hydrogen-terminated and photooxidized regions of the surface. Monolayer formation can be accomplished under either thermal or photochemical conditions.<br /><br /> It was observed that, after 3 h, reaction in neat alkene solution irradiation (Rayonet, 300 nm) afforded the expected patterned surface, while thermal conditions (150 degrees C) resulted in a partial loss of pattern fidelity. Monolayer properties and formation were studied on oxidized and hydrogen-terminated silicon under thermal and photochemical initiation, by contact angle, ellipsometry, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, high-resolution electron energy loss spectroscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Results show that alkenes add to silanol groups on the silica surface in a manner consistent with acid catalysis: once attached to the surface, the silica oxidized the hydrocarbon.Evaluation of the aromaticity of non-planar and bowl-shaped molecules by NICS Nucleus independent chemical shift (NICS) criterion was used to gauge the amount of aromaticity in a lot of publications in two last decades. Non-planar molecules with many polygons in different sheets that make angle together have not been studied by this criterion. Perhaps, one ascribes this deficiency to NICS index, but we think it is concern to depauperation in evaluation methods. Therefore, in this work, we try to evaluate aromaticity of two fullerene substructures bowl-shaped molecules, namely corannulene and sumanene as typical non-planar molecules by using of the NICSzz-scan method.<br /><br /> The gauge-independent atomic orbital (GIAO) NMR calculations were done at B3LYP/6-311+G(d) level of theory. [http://www.allinno.com/product/cyclodextrin/683.html cyanocobalamin salcaprozate sodium] as another tool for evaluation of the aromaticity of compounds was used and discussed. Results shows that pentagon and hexagon rings in corannulene have antiaromatic and aromatic character, respectively and in sumanene, pentagon and outer hexagon rings have antiaromatic and aromatic character, respectively. However, the picture obtained based on the NICS computations did not provide any insight towards the real nature of current density in the corannulene and sumanene.Beyond organic chemistry: aromaticity in atomic clusters.We describe joint experimental and theoretical studies carried out collaboratively in the authors' labs for understanding the structures and chemical bonding of novel atomic clusters, which exhibit aromaticity. The concept of aromaticity was first discovered to be useful in understanding the square-planar unit of Al4 in a series of MAl4(-) bimetallic clusters that led to discoveries of aromaticity in many metal cluster systems, including transition metals and similar cluster motifs in solid compounds.<br /><br /> The concept of aromaticity has been found to be particularly powerful in understanding the stability and bonding in planar boron clusters, many of which have been shown to be analogous to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in their π bonding. Stimulated by the multiple aromaticity in planar boron clusters, a design principle has been proposed for stable metal-cerntered aromatic molecular wheels of the general been produced in supersonic cluster beams and characterized experimentally and coordination number in two dimensions.