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GIP levels were significantly larger in both groups containing a sleeve at all three time points, whereas GLP-1 was equal in all groups at all time. Bile acid levels were significantly higher in the DJOS compared to the SG group at all time points. Interestingly, the additional SG in the DJOS + SG group led to lower bile acid levels 1 and 6&nbsp;months postoperatively.CONCLUSION: The effect of SG on glucose control was transient, whereas a duodenal exclusion was the more effective procedure in this model due to a sustained pancreatic function with a preserved insulin secretion.Eating rate during a fixed-portion meal does not affect postprandial appetite and gut peptides or energy intake during a subsequent meal.Eating rate has recently been shown to influence energy intake and appetite during an ad libitum meal, and alter postprandial secretion of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and peptide-YY (PYY) following a fixed-portion meal.<br /><br /> Whether these effects influence satiety, as measured by energy intake at the subsequent meal, is unclear. We manipulated eating rate during a fixed-portion meal in order to examine how eating behavior and associated periprandial and postprandial responses of putative endocrine mediators of appetite would affect energy intake at the following meal in fifteen non-obese (BMI&lt;25 kg/m²) and ten obese (BMI ≥ 30 kg/m²) healthy adult men and women. In random order, each participant consumed a standardized, fixed-portion meal in 7 (FM), 14 (MM) or 28 (SM) minutes. Fullness, measured by the Satiety Labeled Intensity Magnitude (SLIM) scale, serum insulin, glucose, leptin, pancreatic polypeptide (PP), PYY, GLP-1, neuropeptide-Y, and plasma cholecystokinin (CCK) were measured for 3h following the fixed-portion meal. Ad libitum energy intake at the next meal was then measured. Eating slowly delayed time to peak fullness (P ≤ 05), but did not alter peak fullness. Peak PP concentrations were attenuated during FM compared to MM and SM (P ≤ 05) and were reached earlier during MM compared to SM (P ≤ 05).<br /><br /> A meal-by-time interaction (P ≤ 05), but no differences in AUC, peak, or time to peak were observed for CCK. No additional between meal differences in AUC, peak or time to peak for any endocrine mediator of appetite was observed. Ad libitum energy intake was not different between trials. In conclusion, the rate at which a fixed-portion meal is consumed does not appear to alter satiety despite a small effect on PP and CCK responses.Maternal glucagon-like peptide-1 is positively associated with fetal growth in University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, U.S.A.<br /><br />Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, U.S.A.Pregnant women with obesity are more likely to deliver infants who are large for gestational age (LGA). [http://www.allinno.com/product/active-pharmaceuticals-ingredi/666.html API Hormones and Regulation] is associated with increased perinatal morbidity and risk of developing metabolic disease later in life. However, the mechanisms underpinning fetal overgrowth remain to be fully established. Here, we identified maternal, placental, and fetal factors that are associated with fetal overgrowth in pregnant women with obesity.<br /><br /> Maternal and umbilical cord plasma and placentas were collected from women with obesity delivering infants who were LGA (n=30) or appropriate for gestational age (AGA, n=21) at term. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glucagon-like_peptide-1 API Hormones and Regulation] and umbilical cord plasma analytes were measured using multiplex sandwich assay and ELISA. Insulin/mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling activity was determined in placental homogenates. Amino acid transporter activity was measured in isolated syncytiotrophoblast microvillous membrane (MVM) and basal membrane (BM). Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP-1R) protein expression and signaling were measured in cultured primary human trophoblast (PHT) cells. Maternal plasma glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) was higher in LGA pregnancies and positively correlated to birthweight. Umbilical cord plasma insulin, C-peptide, and GLP-1 were increased in obese-large for gestational age (OB-LGA) infants.<br /><br /> LGA placentas were larger but showed no change in insulin/mTOR signaling or amino acid transport activity. GLP-1R protein was expressed in the MVM isolated from human placenta. GLP-1R activation stimulated protein kinase alpha (PKA), extracellular signal-regulated kinase-1 and-2 (ERK1/2), and mTOR pathways in PHT cells. Our results suggest elevated maternal GLP-1 may drive fetal overgrowth in obese pregnant women. We speculate that maternal GLP-1 acts as a novel regulator of fetal growth by promoting placental growth and function.Glucagon-like peptide-1(7-36) amide and glycogen synthesis in the liver.Nakagawa Y, Kawai K, Suzuki H, Ohashi S, Yamashita K.<br /><br />New aspects of an old drug: metformin as a glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) Physiological Sciences, 2350 Health Sciences Mall, Life Sciences Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.The two major deficits in type 2 diabetes, insulin resistance and impaired beta cell function, are often treated with metformin and incretin-based drugs, respectively.