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LXA and its elicitor and antibacterial activity.METHODS AND RESULTS Algino-oligosaccharide production from alginate was carried out using alginase obtained from a newly isolated Flavobacterium sp. LXA. When alginase was partially purified by dual ammonium sulfate precipitation and used for alginate degradation, the viscosity loss correlated well with the release of reducing terminals. The optimal temperature and pH for alginate degradation was degrees C and pH 7, respectively. When alginate was added at an initial concentration of more than%, the maximal degradation rate of alginate was obtained.<br /><br /> Under [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lacto-N-tetraose lacto n neotetraose] and with partially purified alginase, the average degrees of polymerization (DP) of alginate-degraded products was about 6, which favoured algino-oligosaccharide production. The algino-oligosaccharides showed an elicitor activity stimulating the accumulation of phytoalexin and inducing phenylalanine ammonia lyase in soybean cotyledon, and antimicrobial activity on Pseudomonas aeruginosa.CONCLUSIONS Algino-oligosaccharide could be degraded from alginate by the partially purified alginase and its maximal bioactivity occurred on the SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY Algino-oligosaccharide was first reported to have elicitor and antibacterial activity and have potential as a biological agent for protection against plant or human disease.DOI 146annurev.cb318701455Glycomics profiling of heparan sulfate structure and activity.The heparan sulfate (HS) family of glycosaminoglycans are highly complex and structurally diverse polysaccharides with information encoded within the chains that imparts the ability to bind selectively to a wide range of proteins-the HS interactome-and to regulate their biological activities. However, there are two key questions which need to be addressed; first, the extent of structural variation of expressed HS structures-the heparanome-in specific biological contexts and second, the degree of functional selectivity exerted by these structures in regulating biological processes.<br /><br /> There is a clear need to develop more systematic and high throughput approaches in order to address these questions. Here, [http://www.allinno.com/product/healthcare/674.html Lactose-N-neotetraose] describe a cohort of protocols for profiling different aspects of HS structure and activity, focusing particularly on disaccharide building blocks and larger oligosaccharide domains, the latter representing the functional units of HS chains. A range of other complementary methods in the literature are also discussed. Together these provide a new and more comprehensive toolkit to investigate HS structure and activity in a higher throughput manner in selected biological systems. The implementation of such a glycomics strategy will enable development of a systems biology view of HS structure-function relationships and help to resolve the significant puzzle of the extensive interactome of HS, which remains a key question in the glycobiology field. We anticipate that the next decade will see major advances in our understanding of the complex biology of HS.Recent developments in the synthesis and discovery of oligosaccharides and glycoconjugates for the treatment of disease.<br /><br />The development of the first automated oligosaccharide synthesizer, along with new methods for screening carbohydrate ligand arrays is likely to lead to a rapid acceleration in both our ability to synthesize these molecules, and understand the roles of oligosaccharides and glycoconjugates in biology. Consequently we may uncover new avenues for therapeutic intervention more rapidly. These recent developments are very important since our understanding of the role of glycoconjugates in nature has traditionally fallen far behind that of the other biopolymers such as proteins and nucleic acids as the formation of, for example, glycosylated proteins is not template driven. The chemical synthesis of oligosaccharides and glycoconjugates has provided us with new potential cancer vaccines, antibiotics and new biotechnological tools. Glycobiologists have employed many such tools to uncover new signalling roles for oligosaccharides and glycoconjugates. In this review we aim to highlight some emerging methods for glycoconjugate assembly and screening, and discuss innovative approaches to glycoconjugate based drug design and delivery, all of which are, and will continue to be, fruitful avenues for medicinal chemistry Synthesis, structure and midkine binding of chondroitin sulfate oligosaccharide cicCartuja, CSIC and Universidad de Sevilla, Americo Vespucio, 49, 492 The preparation of chondroitin sulfate (CS) oligosaccharide mimetics, more easily synthesized than natural sequences, is a highly interesting task because these compounds pave the way for modulation of the biological processes in which CS is involved.