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In this study, we investigated whether Lactobacillus plantarum lipoteichoic acid (Lp.LTA) could inhibit multispecies oral pathogenic bacterial biofilm formation. METHODS: Highly pure and structurally intact Lp.LTA was purified from L. mutans, and Enterococcus faecalis were co-cultured to form oral multispecies biofilm in the presence or absence of Lp.LTA on culture plates or human dentin additional treatment with intracanal medicaments such as calcium hydroxide or chlorhexidine digluconate.<br /><br /> Confocal microscopy and crystal violet assay were performed to determine biofilm formation. Biofilm on human dentin slices was visualized with a scanning electron microscope. RESULTS: [https://myspace.com/wolfstone87 Colanic acid compound] of multispecies bacteria on the culture dishes was dose-dependently reduced by Lp.LTA compared with the nontreatment control group. Lp.LTA also inhibited multispecies biofilm formation on the dentin slices in a potentiated the effectiveness of the intracanal medicaments in the removal of CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that Lp.LTA is a potential anti-biofilm agent for treatment or prevention of oral infectious disease, including apical periodontitis, which is mainly caused by multispecies bacterial biofilm.<br /><br /> In Vitro and In Vivo Biofilm Formation by Pathogenic Streptococci. This manuscript presents novel approaches to grow and evaluate Streptococcal biofilm formation using the human respiratory pathogen Streptococcus pneumoniae and in vivo. Most biofilm models are based on growth on abiotic surfaces, which is relevant for many pathogens whose growth on surfaces or medical devices is a major cause of disease transmission and infections, especially in hospital environments. However, most infections with commensal organisms require biofilm formation on biological surfaces in the host at the site of colonization or infection. In vitro model systems incorporating biological components from the host and taking into account the host environment of the infectious site are not form complex biofilms in the nasopharynx of mice and have devised methodology to evaluate the biofilm structure and function in this environment. We have also been able to recapitulate this biofilm phenotype in vitro by incorporating crucial factors associated with the host environment. Although the protocols presented in this manuscript are focused on S.<br /><br /> pneumoniae, the same methodology can and has been used for other Streptococcal species that form biofilms on Nano-Formulation Endows Quorum Quenching Enzyme-Antibiotic Hybrids with Improved Antibacterial and Antibiofilm Activities against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The emergence of antibiotic resistant bacteria coupled with the shortage of efficient antibacterials is one of the most serious unresolved problems for modern medicine. In this study, the nano-hybridization of the clinically relevant antibiotic, gentamicin, with the bacterial pro-pathological cell-to-cell communication-quenching enzyme, acylase, is innovatively employed to increase its antimicrobial efficiency against Pseudomonas aeruginosa planktonic cells and biofilms. The sonochemically generated hybrid gentamicin/acylase nano-spheres (GeN_AC NSs) showed a 16-fold improved bactericidal activity when compared with the antibiotic in bulk form, due to the enhanced physical interaction and disruption of the P. aeruginosa cell membrane. The nano-hybrids attenuated 97 ± 1% of the quorum sensing-regulated virulence factors' production and inhibited the bacterium biofilm formation in an eight-fold lower concentration than the stand-alone gentamicin NSs. The P.<br /><br /> aeruginosa sensitivity to GeN_AC NSs was also confirmed in a real time assay monitoring the bacterial cells elimination, using a quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation. In [https://able2know.org/user/seattie52/ https://able2know.org/user/seattie52/] -enriched conditions mimicking the in vivo application, these hybrid nano-antibacterials maintained their antibacterial and antibiofilm effectiveness at concentrations innocuous to human cells. Therefore, [https://www.popsugar.com/profile/shearsjury73 https://www.popsugar.com/profile/shearsjury73] GeN_AC NSs with complementary modes of action show potential for the treatment of P. aeruginosa biofilm infections at a reduced antibiotic dosage. Conflict of interest statement: The authors declare no conflict of interest. Complete genome sequence of Dyadobacter sp. 32, isolated from a culture of the freshwater diatom Cymbella microcephala.