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Linked redox precipitation of sulfur and selenium under anaerobic conditions by A biofilm-forming strain of sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB), isolated from a naturally occurring mixed biofilm and identified by 16S rDNA analysis as a strain of Desulfomicrobium norvegicum, rapidly removed 200 micro M selenite from solution during growth on lactate and sulfate. Elemental selenium and elemental sulfur were precipitated outside SRB cells. Precipitation occurred by an abiotic reaction with bacterially generated sulfide. This appears to be a generalized ability among SRB, arising from dissimilatory sulfide biogenesis, and can take place under low redox conditions and in the dark. The reaction represents a new means for the deposition of elemental sulfur by SRB under such conditions. A combination of transmission electron microscopy, environmental scanning electron microscopy, and cryostage field emission scanning electron microscopy were used to reveal the hydrated nature of SRB biofilms and to investigate the location of deposited sulfur-selenium in relation to biofilm elements.<br /><br /> When pregrown SRB biofilms were exposed to a selenite-containing medium, nanometer-sized selenium-sulfur granules were precipitated within the biofilm matrix. Selenite was therefore shown to pass through the biofilm matrix before reacting with bacterially generated sulfide. [http://www.allinno.com/product/food/684.html Extracellular polymeric substances] constitutes an efficient method for the removal of toxic concentrations of selenite from solution. Implications for environmental cycling and the fate of sulfur and selenium are discussed, and a general model for the potential action of SRB in selenium transformations is Rifampicin enhances activity of daptomycin and vancomycin against both a polysaccharide intercellular adhesin (PIA)-dependent and -independent OBJECTIVES AND METHODS: This study addressed the efficacy of daptomycin, vancomycin, rifampicin, daptomycin/rifampicin and vancomycin/rifampicin against a polysaccharide intercellular adhesin (PIA)-dependent and -independent Staphylococcus epidermidis biofilm using flow cell and guinea pig tissue cage RESULTS: The flow cell model of both PIA-dependent and -independent biofilms demonstrated that the viable cell count after treatment with daptomycin/rifampicin was significantly lower (P&lt;05) than after treatment with these observations, a guinea pig tissue cage model was used. The results demonstrated that the addition of rifampicin to daptomycin or vancomycin sterilized 5/6 tissues cages colonized with S. epidermidis 1457 (PIA producing). Similar results were noted with S.<br /><br /> epidermidis 1457 icaADBC::dhfr (non-PIA producing), where daptomycin/rifampicin and vancomycin/rifampicin sterilized 5/6 and 6/6 tissue cages, respectively. There was no statistical difference in comparison with the no-treatment control when both 1457 and 1457 icaADBC::dhfr were treated with vancomycin and daptomycin alone. Furthermore, treatment with rifampicin alone sterilized 5/6 and 3/6 1457 and 1457 icaADBC::dhfr tissue CONCLUSIONS: Interpretation of these data suggests that rifampicin is highly active against S. epidermidis biofilms and both vancomycin and daptomycin are effective at reducing the subpopulation of bacteria that develop rifampicin Morphological and biochemical changes in Pseudomonas fluorescens biofilms induced by sub-inhibitory exposure to antimicrobial agents. Confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) and scanning transmission X-ray microscopy (STXM) were used to examine the morphological and biochemical changes in Pseudomonas fluorescens biofilms grown in the presence of subinhibitory concentrations of 4 antimicrobial agents: triclosan, benzalkonium chloride, chlorhexidine dihydrochloride, and trisodium phosphate. CLSM analyses using the stains SYTO9 and propidium iodide indicated that the antimicrobial agents affected cell membrane integrity and cellular density to differing degrees. However, fluorescein diacetate assays and plate counts demonstrated that the cells remained metabolically active.<br /><br /> [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colanic_acid Colanic acid] binding assays showed that changes in the arrangement and composition of the exopolymer matrix of the biofilms also occurred and that these changes depended on the antimicrobial agent. Detailed single cell analyses using STXM provided evidence that the cell morphology, and the spatial distribution and relative amounts of protein, lipids and polysaccharides in the biofilms and within the cells were different for each antimicrobial.