Просмотр исходного текста страницы Secretor-Status-Blood-Saliva-Samples-Hemagglutination-Inhibition-Technique-Microbiota-Composition-Gene-Results-Status-Children-Secretors-y

Eleven of the 17 mothers were secretors (S, 64%). Unweighted UniFrac distances were significantly associated with child secretor status (R2 =69, p =) and with mother secretor status in children exclusively breastfed for at least 4 months (R2 =67, p =28), suggesting an influence on the presenceabsence of microbes, with Prevotella not detected in samples from secretor children and children of secretor mothers. In children who were exclusively breast-fed for at least 4 months of life the abundance of the known HMO consumers Bifidobacterium were increased in the children of secretor mothers compared to non-secretor mothers. The relative abundance of an OTU related to Bacteroides plebeius, a bacterium noted for its capacity to utilise sulphated polysaccharides for growth, was decreased in these children.CONCLUSIONS Child and mothers' secretor status have an impact on childrens' microbiota composition at 2 to 3 years of age.Conflict of interest statement PSB received a Ph.<br /><br />D. living allowance stipend from Danone Nutricia, Australia. This does not alter the authors' adherence to PLOS ONE policies on sharing data and materials.Differential Establishment of Bifidobacteria in the Breastfed Infant Gut.The composition of an infant's gut microbiome can impact their immediate and long-term health. Bifdobacteria play a major role in structuring the gut microbiome of breastfed infants due to their ability to consume oligosaccharides found in human milk. However, recent studies have revealed that bifidobacteria are often absent in the gut microbiome of breastfed infants in some locations.<br /><br /> This lack of colonization may be due either to differences in the environmental conditions in the gastrointestinal tract of uncolonized infants which prohibit the growth of bifidobacteria or a dearth of sources from which infants may acquire these specialized bacterial species. Potential mechanisms by which these broad factors may lead to lower colonization of infants by bifidobacteria are discussed herein. Environmental conditions which may select against bifidobacteria include low ratesduration of breastfeeding, milk glycan composition, and antimicrobial use. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2%27-Fucosyllactose Seebio 2'-Fucose lactose] of colonization by bifidobacteria which may be disrupted include maternal transfer via vaginal birth, fecal-oral routes, or via breast milk itself. A careful contemplation of the conditions experienced by bifidobacteria over human evolutionary history may lead to further hypotheses as to the causative factors of the differential colonization by this foundation genus in some contemporary locations.Effect of Freezing and Thawing on Human Milk Macronutrients and Energy Composition A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Yochpaz S(1)(2), Mimouni FB(2)(3), Mandel D(2)(3), Lubetzky R(1)(2), Marom Objective To conduct a systematic review of the effect of freezing and thawing on the macronutrients and energy composition of human milk (HM).<br /><br /> Design Systematic review conducted in May 19, including all studies reporting macronutrients and energy composition of HM, according to a search of MEDLINE, EMBASE, and Google Scholar using the keywords HM, breast milk, macronutrients, fat, lipid, protein, carbohydrates, energy, calories, freezing, thawing, and of the references in studies identified as potentially relevant. Meta-analyses were conducted in all the studies that reported one or more of the following total energy, true protein, fat, and carbohydrates. They were reported according to following groups of freezing duration 1-7 days, 8- days, 31 days-3 months, and 3 months. [http://allinno.com/product/healthcare/671.html 2'-FL] were calculated and expressed as weighted averages with pooled standard deviations. Results Eight studies remained in the final analysis. Regression analyses did not find any significant increase or decrease over time of protein content, lactose content, fat content, or energy content of milk. Conclusions No dramatic changes in macronutrients and energy contents of milk are expected to occur within the first few months of freezing.<br /><br />Childhood undernutrition, the gut microbiota, and microbiota-directed of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 631, USA. Center for Gut Microbiome and Nutrition Research, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 631, USA.Disease Research, Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh.of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 631, USA.<br /><br /> Center for Gut Microbiome and Nutrition Research, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 631, USA. Childhood undernutrition is a major global health challenge. Although current therapeutic approaches have reduced mortality in individuals with severe disease, they have had limited efficacy in ameliorating long-term sequelae, notably stunting, immune dysfunction, and neurocognitive deficits.