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Recent studies have found associations between breast milk composition (total fat, protein, human milk oligosaccharides, adiponectin, leptin, and insulin) and growth. However, the studies are few, and the results are inconsistent. More studies, including studies of maternal factors influencing breast milk composition, are needed to better understand how breastfeeding influences current and later growth and Label-free absolute quantitation of oligosaccharides using multiple reaction An absolute quantitation method for measuring free human milk oligosaccharides To obtain the best sensitivity, the instrument conditions were optimized to reduce the source and postsource fragmentation prior to the quadrupole transmission. Fragmentation spectra of HMOs using collision-induced dissociation were studied to obtain the best characteristic fragments. At least two MRM transitions were used to quantify and identify each structure in the same run. The fragment ions corresponded to the production of singly charged mono-, di-, and trisaccharide fragments.<br /><br /> The sensitivity and accuracy of the quantitation using MRM were determined, with the detection limit in the femtomole level and the calibration range spanning over 5 orders of magnitude. Seven commercial HMO standards were used to create calibration curves and were used to determine a universal response for all HMOs. The universal response factor was used to estimate absolute amounts of other structures and the total oligosaccharide content in milk. The quantitation method was applied to human milk samples to determine the variations in HMO concentrations from women classified as secretors and nonsecretors, a phenotype that can be identified by the concentration of 2'-fucosylation in their milk.Human Milk Microbial Community Structure Is Relatively Stable and Related to Variations in Macronutrient and Micronutrient Intakes in Healthy Lactating Williams JE(1)(2), Carrothers JM(3), Lackey KA(3), Beatty NF(4), York MA(3), Brooker SL(4)(2), Shafii B(5), Price WJ(5), Settles ML(6), McGuire MA(4), Background The human milk microbiome has been somewhat characterized, but little is known about changes over time and relations with maternal factors such as nutrient intake.Objective We sought to characterize the human milk microbiome and described associations with maternal nutrient intake, time postpartum, delivery mode, and body mass index (BMI; in kgm2).Methods Milk samples (n = 4) and 24-h diet recalls were collected 9 times from 21 healthy lactating women from day 2 to 6 mo postpartum.<br /><br /> Women were classified by BMI as healthy weight (25) or overweight or obese (≥25). Bacterial taxa were characterized with the use of the high-throughput sequencing of the 16S ribosomal RNA gene.Results The milk microbiome was relatively constant over time, although there were small changes in some of the lesser-abundant genera. Relative abundances of several taxa were associated with BMI, delivery mode, and infant sex. For instance, overweight and obese mothers produced milk with a higher relative abundance of Granulicatella than did healthy-weight women (1% ±% compared with% ±%, respectively; P 5). Relative abundances of several bacterial taxa were also associated with variations in maternal dietary intake. For [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2%27-Fucosyllactose Seebio 2'-FL] , intakes of saturated fatty acids (rs = 9; P =05) and monounsaturated fatty acids (rs = 6; P =36) were inversely associated with the relative abundance of Corynebacterium; total carbohydrates = 1; P =18) were negatively associated with Firmicutes; and protein consumption was positively correlated with the relative abundance of Gemella (rs =6; P =37).<br /><br /> [http://allinno.com/product/healthcare/671.html 2'-Fucose lactose] associated with variations in the human milk microbiome are complex and may include maternal nutrient intake, maternal BMI, delivery mode, and infant sex. Future studies designed to investigate the relation between maternal nutrient intake and the milk microbiome should strive to also evaluate dietary supplement usage and analyze the collected milk for its Conflict of interest statement Author disclosures JEW, JMC, KAL, NFB, MAY, Despite the well-recognized advantages of breast-feeding, a rare but life-threatening complication may occur with failure to thrive resulting in severe malnourishment or hypernatremic dehydration. We report 3 more cases. Two of them with severe hypernatremic dehydration and cachexia were treated using peritoneal dialysis rather than intravenous fluids in order to rapidly correct the severe metabolic acidosis but slowly the serum osmolarity. Although insufficient breast-milk volume appears to prevail over positive sodium balance in the pathway to hypernatremic dehydration, high sodium concentrations were found in breast milk as previously reported.