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Biotechnologically produced 3-FL was tested for potential genotoxicity subchronic toxicity (-day study with neonatal rats). In the -day study, 3-FL was administered by gavage to rats once daily from Day 7 of age, at doses up to  mgkg body weight (bw)day (the maximum feasible dose), followed by a 4-week recovery period. Reference controls received  mgkg bwday of oligofructose, an ingredient permitted for use in infant formula. [http://www.allinno.com/product/healthcare/674.html Seebio lacto n neotetraose] for the genotoxicity studies were negative. In the -day study, there were no adverse effects of 3-FL on any of the parameters measured; thus, the no-observed-adverse-effect level (NOAEL) was  mgkg bwday (the highest dose tested). These results support the safety of biotechnologically produced 3-FL for use in infant formula and other foods.<br /><br />Potential ligands for cell adhesion molecules in human milk.In this study, glycoproteins and oligosaccharides with sialyl Lewis a, sialyl Lewis x, Lewis x, and Lewis y epitopes were isolated by ultracentrifugation and fast-protein liquid chromatography from human milk of mothers with term or preterm infants. The identification of these epitopes on whey proteins was achieved by monoclonal antibodies and lectins after Western blotting. Lactose-derived oligosaccharides were characterized by high-performance thin-layer chromatography and high-pH anion-exchange chromatography with pulsed amperometric detection. These carbohydrate epitopes which are potential ligands for selections are not of cellular origin but appear in the soluble fraction of milk. Here, they are present as lactose-derived oligosaccharides (molecular weight kD) or bound to proteins with a high molecular weight ( 0 kD). Lewis antigens might represent another category of protective nonimmunological substances in human milk with the potential to influence inflammatory processes Induction of human tolerogenic dendritic cells by 3'-sialyllactose via TLR4 is Perdijk O(1), van Neerven RJJ(1)(2), Meijer B(1), Savelkoul HFJ(1), Brugman building 122, de Elst 1, 68 WD, Wageningen, The Netherlands.<br /><br />The human milk oligosaccharide 3'-sialyllactose (3'SL) has previously been shown to activate murine dendritic cells (DC) in a Toll-like receptor (TLR) 4-mediated manner ex vivo. In this study we aimed to investigate whether 3'SL has similar immunomodulatory properties on human DC. 3'SL was shown to induce NF-κB activation via human TLR4. However, LPS was detected in the commercially obtained 3'SL from different suppliers. After the removal of LPS from 3'SL, we studied its ability to modify DC differentiation in vitro. In contrast to LPS and 3'SL, LPS-free 3'SL did not induce functional and phenotypical changes on immature DC (iDC). iDC that were differentiated in the presence of LPS or 3'SL showed a semi-mature phenotype (i.<br /><br />e., fewer CD83+CD86+ DC), produced IL- and abrogated IL-12p and tumor necrosis factor-alpha levels upon stimulation with several TLR ligands. Differentiation into these tolerogenic DC was completely abrogated by LPS removal from 3'SL. In contrast to previous reports in mice, we found that LPS-free 3'SL does not activate NF-κB via human TLR4. In conclusion, removing LPS from (oligo)saccharide preparations is necessary to study their Distinct fermentation of human milk oligosaccharides 3-FL and LNT2 and GOSinulin by infant gut microbiota and impact on adhesion of Lactobacillus plantarum WCFS1 to gut epithelial cells.Kong C(1)(2), Akkerman R(2), Klostermann CE(3), Beukema M(2), Oerlemans MMP(2), Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Engineering and Technology Research Center of Food Additives, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 48, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 90 RB Groningen, The Human milk oligosaccharides (hMOs) are unique bioactive components in human milk. 3-Fucosyllactose (3-FL) is an abundantly present hMO that can be produced in sufficient amounts to allow application in infant formula.<br /><br /> Lacto-N-triaose II 3-FL and LNT2 have been shown to have health benefits, but their impact on infant microbiota composition and microbial metabolic products such as short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) is unknown. To gain [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lacto-N-tetraose lacto-n-neotetraose] in fermentability, we performed in vitro fermentation studies of 3-FL and LNT2 using pooled fecal microbiota from 12-week-old infants. The commonly investigated galacto-oligosaccharides (GOS)inulin (9  1) served as control. Compared to GOSinulin, we observed a delayed utilization of 3-FL, which was utilized at % after 36 h of fermentation, and induced the gradual production of acetic acid and lactic acid. 3-FL specifically enriched bacteria of Bacteroides and Enterococcus genus. LNT2 was fermented much faster. After 14 h of fermentation, % was already utilized, and production of acetic acid, succinic acid, lactic acid and butyric acid was observed.