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As monoclonal antibodies against many different complex carbohydrate antigens are now available, the method described could be adapted to give rapid, inexpensive assays for a variety of glycosyltransferases.N-linked oligosaccharides are not required for neuron-neuron interactions mediated by neural cell adhesion molecule.Recent studies have described the role of various regions of the neural cell adhesion molecule (NCAM) in cell-cell interactions. Monoclonal antibodies carbohydrate epitope have also been shown to inhibit NCAM-mediated neural cell adhesion. In the present study we show that dissociated retinal neurons in an in vitro model system can bind as well to normal NCAM as to NCAM lacking the L2HNK-1 epitope or to glycopeptidase F-treated NCAM. These data suggest that N-linked oligosaccharide chains do not confer upon NCAM the adhesional properties associated with its role in neuron-neuron interactions.<br /><br />The transferring activity of beta-fructofuranosidase from yeast a quantitative Prebiotic oligosaccharides in dietetic products for infants a commentary by the Agostoni C(1), Axelsson I, Goulet O, Koletzko B, Michaelsen KF, Puntis JW, Rigo This article by the ESPGHAN Committee on Nutrition summarizes available information on the effects of adding prebiotic oligosaccharides to infant and follow-on formulae. Currently there are only limited studies evaluating prebiotic substances in dietetic products for infants. Although administration of prebiotic oligosaccharides has the potential to increase the total number of bifidobacteria in feces and may also soften stools, there is no published evidence of clinical benefits of adding prebiotic oligosaccharides to dietetic products for infants. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lacto-N-tetraose Seebio Lactose-N-neotetraose] on oligosaccharide mixtures in infant formulae do not demonstrate adverse effects, but further evaluation is recommended. [http://www.allinno.com/product/healthcare/674.html Obtain today] and dosages in addition to those so far studied need to be fully evaluated with respect to both safety and efficacy before their use in commercial infant food products. Well-designed and carefully conducted randomized controlled trials with relevant inclusionexclusion criteria, adequate sample sizes and validated clinical outcome measures are needed both in preterm and term infants. Future trials should define optimal quantity and types of oligosaccharides with prebiotic function, optimal dosages and duration of intake, short and long term benefits and safety.<br /><br /> At the present time, therefore, the Committee takes the view that no general recommendation on the use of oligosaccharide supplementation in infancy as a prophylactic or therapeutic measure can be made.Structural analysis of semi-specific oligosaccharide recognition by a cellulose-binding protein of thermotoga maritima reveals adaptations for functional diversification of the oligopeptide periplasmic binding protein fold.Periplasmic binding proteins (PBPs) constitute a protein superfamily that binds a wide variety of ligands. In prokaryotes, PBPs function as receptors for ATP-binding cassette or tripartite ATP-independent transporters and chemotaxis systems. In many instances, PBPs bind their cognate ligands with exquisite specificity, distinguishing, for example, between sugar epimers or structurally similar anions. By contrast, oligopeptide-binding proteins bind their ligands through interactions with the peptide backbone but do not distinguish between different side chains. The extremophile Thermotoga maritima possesses a remarkable array of carbohydrate-processing metabolic systems, including the hydrolysis of cellulosic polymers.<br /><br /> Here, we present the crystal structure of a T. maritima cellobiose-binding protein (t031) that is homologous to oligopeptide-binding proteins. T. maritima cellobiose-binding protein binds a variety of lengths of beta(1--4)-linked glucose oligomers, ranging from two rings (cellobiose) to five (cellopentaose). The structure reveals that binding is semi-specific. The disaccharide at the nonreducing end binds specifically; the other rings are located in a large solvent-filled groove, where the reducing end makes several contacts with the protein, thereby imposing an upper limit of the oligosaccharides that are recognized. Semi-specific recognition, in which a molecular class rather than individual species is selected, provides an efficient solution for the uptake of complex mixtures.