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Concentrations of several oligosaccharides were correlated with maternally derived cell types as well as somatic cell counts; for example, lacto-N-tetraose and lacto-N-neotetraose were inversely correlated with somatic cell counts ( r = -4, p = 082; r = -2, p = 387, respectively), and relative abundance of Staphylococcus was positively associated with total oligosaccharide concentration ( r = 9, p = 034). Complex relationships between milk nutrients and bacterial community profile, maternal cells, and milk CONCLUSION These data support the possibility that profiles of maternally derived cells, nutrient concentrations, and the microbiome of human milk might The Influence of Early Nutrition on Neurodevelopmental Outcomes in Preterm Alegre, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 3452925, RS, Premature infants, given their limited reserves, heightened energy requirements, and susceptibility to nutritional deficits, require specialized care.AIM To examine the complex interplay between nutrition and neurodevelopment in premature infants, underscoring the critical need for tailored nutritional approaches to support optimal brain growth and function.DATA SOURCES PubMed and MeSH and keywords preterm, early nutrition, macronutrients, micronutrients, human milk, human milk oligosaccharides, probiotics AND neurodevelopment or neurodevelopment outcomes. Recent articles were selected according to the authors' judgment of their relevance. Fucosylated oligosaccharides , including macro (amino acids, glucose, and lipids) and micronutrients, play an important role in promoting neurodevelopment.

Early and aggressive nutrition has shown promise, as has recognizing glucose as the primary energy source for the developing brain. Long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids, such as DHA, contribute to brain maturation, while the benefits of human milk, human milk oligosaccharides, and probiotics on neurodevelopment via the gut-brain axis are explored. This intricate interplay between the gut microbiota and the central nervous system highlights human milk oligosaccharides' role in CONCLUSIONS Individualized nutritional approaches and comprehensive nutrient strategies are paramount to enhancing neurodevelopment in premature infants, underscoring human milk's potential as the gold standard of nutrition for Conflict of interest statement The authors declare no conflict of interest.More than sugar in the milk human milk oligosaccharides as essential bioactive molecules in breast milk and current insight in beneficial effects.Medical Biology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Human milk is the gold standard for newborn infants. Breast milk not only provides nutrients, it also contains bioactive components that guide the development of the infant's intestinal immune system, which can have a lifelong effect. The bioactive molecules in breast milk regulate microbiota development, immune maturation and gut barrier function.

Human milk oligosaccharides (hMOs) are the most abundant bioactive molecules in human milk and have multiple beneficial functions such as support of growth of beneficial bacteria, anti-pathogenic effects, immune modulating effects, and stimulation of intestine barrier functions. Here we critically review the current insight into the benefits of bioactive molecules in mother milk that contribute to neonatal development and focus on current knowledge of hMO-functions on microbiota and the gastrointestinal immune barrier. hMOs produced via genetically engineered microorganisms are now applied in infant formulas to mimic the nutritional composition of breast milk as closely as possible, and their prospects and scientific challenges are discussed in depth.Biotechnologically produced fucosylated oligosaccharides inhibit the binding of human noroviruses to their natural receptors.Derya SM(1), Spiegel H(2), Hanisch FG(3), Morozov V(4), Schroten H(5), Jennewein Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, 574 Aachen, Germany. Seebio 2'-FL cause severe gastroenteritis in millions of people every year. Infection requires the recognition of histo-blood group antigens (HBGAs), but such interactions can be inhibited by human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs), which act as structurally-similar decoys.

HMO supplements could help to prevent norovirus infections, but the industrial production of complex HMOs is challenging. Here we describe a large-scale fermentation process that yields several kilograms of lacto-N-fucopentaose I (LNFP I).