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These experiments highlight the pivotal role of 3beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase/ketoisomerase in the control of AD formation for its subsequent aromatization to estrogen. It raises the possibility that differences in metabolism of DHEA by certain brain cells could account for differences in their immunomodulatory and neuroprotective functions. Some could exert their effects by converting DHEA to its 7-hydroxylated form while others, like BV2 microglia, by converting DHEA primarily to other C-19 steroids and to estrogen by way of AD.Aromatization of 7 alpha-methyl-19-nortestosterone by human placental microsomes Part of the biological effects of testosterone (T) are mediated by its enzymatic reduction to 5 alpha-dihydrotestosterone (DHT) or aromatization to estradiol (E2). 7 alpha-Methyl-19-nortestosterone (MENT) is a synthetic androgen that is considerably more potent than T. Previous studies have shown that MENT is not 5 alpha-reduced.<br /><br /> The studies reported here were undertaken to determine whether MENT undergoes enzymatic aromatization in vitro. [https://ctxt.io/2/AAAwx06sEg Seebio Photoacid Generator] were used as the source of the aromatase. Radioactive or nonradioactive T or MENT was incubated with the microsomes in the presence of NADPH and the metabolites extracted out with ethyl ether. Following evaporation of ether, the residue was dissolved in benzene-petroleum ether and extracted with 0 N NaOH which selectively removes phenolic metabolites of the androgens. When either radioactive T or MENT was incubated with the aromatase in the presence of NADPH, there was a 20-fold increase in the amount of radioactivity extracted with NaOH. In contrast, if the incubation was carried out in the absence of NADPH or in the presence of R76713, an aromatase inhibitor, most of the radioactivity remained in the benzene-petroleum ether phase. To further identify the enzymatic reaction products, thin layer chromatography (TLC) was performed.<br /><br /> The Rf value for MENT was 02 while that of the major reaction product was 04, which corresponded with the RF value of the estrogen, 7 alpha-methyl-estradiol (MeE2). This was further verified by using a second solvent system for the chromatographic separation. In an effort to ascertain whether the metabolites bind to estrogen receptors (ER), rat uterine cytosol was used. NaOH extracts of medium following incubation of nonradioactive MENT with microsomes showed competitive inhibition of [3H]E2 binding to rat uterine ER. Furthermore, after [3H]MENT was incubated with microsomes, the radioactive metabolite extracted in NaOH showed specific binding to the ER which could readily be displaced with E2 or MeE2. These results indicate that like T, MENT undergoes enzymatic aromatization.Conversion of 19-oxo[2 beta-2H]androgens into oestrogens by human placental aromatase.<br /><br /> An unexpected stereochemical outcome.School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205.Aromatase is a cytochrome P-450 enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of androgens into oestrogens via sequential oxidations at the 19-methyl group. Despite intensive investigation, the mechanism of the third step, conversion of the 19-aldehydes into oestrogens, has remained unsolved. We have previously found that a pre-enolized 19-al derivative undergoes smooth aromatization in non-enzymic model studies, but the role of enolization by the enzyme in transformations of 19-oxoandrogens has not been previously investigated. The compounds 19-oxo[2 beta-2H]testosterone and 19-oxo[2 beta-2H]androstenedione have now been synthesized. Exposure of either of these compounds to microsomal aromatase, in the absence of NADPH, for an extended period led to no significant 2H loss or epimerization at C-2, leaving open the importance of an active-site base.<br /><br /> However, in the presence of NADPH there was an unexpected substrate-dependent difference in the stereoselectivity of H loss at C-2 in the enzyme-induced aromatization of 19-oxo[2 beta-2H]-testosterone versus 19-oxo[2 beta-2H]androstenedione. The aromatization results for 17 beta-ol derivative 19-oxo[2 beta-2H]-testosterone correspond to about 1:1 2 beta-H/2 alpha-H loss from unlabelled 19-oxotestosterone. In contrast, aromatization results for 19-oxo[2 beta-2H]androstenedione correspond to at least 11:1 2 beta-H/2 alpha-H loss from unlabelled 19-oxoandrostenedione. This substrate-dependent stereoselectivity implies a direct role for an enzyme active-site base in 2-H removal. Furthermore, these results argue against the proposal that 2 beta-hydroxylation is the obligatory third step in aromatase action.Photochemical production of reactive oxygen species by C60 in the aqueous phase Technology, 200 Bobby Dodd Way, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0373, USA.The objective of this study was to investigate photochemical production of singlet oxygen (1O2) and superoxide radical anion (02*-) by C60 in water.<br /><br /> It was demonstrated that photoexcited C60 in the aqueous phase efficiently mediated transfer of absorbed energy to oxygen and produced singlet oxygen when associated with surfactant (Triton X100 and Brij 78) or polymer (polyvinylpyrrolidone), which is consistent with previously observed behavior in organic solvents.