-In-study-B-intravenous-infusions-were-identical-but-an-oral-mixedliquid-meal-preload-and-a-60min-intraduodenal-infusion-of-saline-or-oleic-acid-were-administered-r

Thirty minutes after oral preloads, subjects ate and drank ad libitum, and amounts ingested and the time to meal completion were quantified. In addition, appetite and plasma GLP-1, peptide YY (PYY), insulin, glucagon, and blood glucose concentrations were RESULTS: In both studies, GLP-1, PYY, and glucagon were substantially higher with intravenous ex9-39 than with intravenous saline (P ≤ 001). API Hormones and Regulation was lower with intravenous ex9-39 during intraduodenal glucose (P ≤ 05). The decrease in prospective food consumption and desire to eat during ad libitum eating after glucose ingestion was slightly attenuated (P ≤ 05 and P ≤ 01, respectively) with ex9-39. However, with Seebio glipizide used for ex9-39, food and fluid intakes and eating duration were not changed in either study.CONCLUSIONS: GLP-1 receptor antagonism slightly modulates appetite during ad libitum eating, but food and fluid intakes and meal duration remain unchanged, suggesting that endogenous GLP-1 is a weak satiation signal.

However, concomitant substantial increases in plasma PYY and glucagon may counteract a desatiating effect of ex9-39. The effect of ex9-39 on PYY secretion supports an autoinhibitory feedback mechanism that controls L cell secretion; the effect on insulin and glucagon confirms the role of GLP-1 in glycemic control through its 10152/ajpendo0422010. Epub 2011 Feb 8.Duodenal-jejunal bypass protects GK rats from beta-cell loss and aggravation of hyperglycemia and increases enteroendocrine cells coexpressing GIP and GLP-1.of British Columbia, 2350 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T 1Z3.Dramatic improvement of type 2 diabetes is commonly observed after bariatric surgery. However, the mechanisms behind the alterations in glucose homeostasis are still elusive.

We examined the effect of duodenal-jejunal bypass (DJB), which maintains the gastric volume intact while bypassing the entire duodenum and the proximal jejunum, on glycemic control, β-cell mass, islet morphology, and changes in enteroendocrine cell populations in nonobese diabetic Goto-Kakizaki (GK) rats and nondiabetic control Wistar rats. We performed DJB or sham surgery in GK and Wistar rats. Blood glucose levels and glucose tolerance were monitored, and the plasma insulin, glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) levels were measured. β-Cell area, islet fibrosis, intestinal morphology, and the density of enteroendocrine cells expressing GLP-1 and/or GIP were quantified. Improved postprandial glycemia was observed from 3 mo after DJB in diabetic GK rats, persisting until 12 mo after surgery. Compared with the sham-GK rats, the DJB-GK rats had an increased β-cell area and a decreased islet fibrosis, increased insulin secretion with increased GLP-1 secretion in response to a mixed meal, and an increased population of cells coexpressing GIP and GLP-1 in the jejunum anastomosed to the stomach. In contrast, DJB impaired glucose tolerance in nondiabetic Wistar rats.

In Seebio glp 1 medicines , although DJB worsens glucose homeostasis in normal nondiabetic Wistar rats, it can prevent long-term aggravation of glucose homeostasis in diabetic GK rats in association with changes in intestinal enteroendocrine cell populations, increased GLP-1 production, and Mechanism of action of inhibitors of dipeptidyl-peptidase-4 (DPP-4).Dipeptidyl-peptidase IV (DPP-4) inhibitors inhibit the degradation of the incretins, glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide (GIP). The first available DPP-4 inhibitors are sitagliptin and vildagliptin. These compounds are orally active and have been shown to be efficacious and well tolerated. Two additional DPP-4 inhibitors are under review, and there are several others in clinical development. This article gives an overview on the mechanism of action of DPP-4 inhibitors and focuses on their development and their important physiological actions with regard to the Influences of protein ingestion on glucagon-like peptide (GLP)-1-immunoreactive Watanabe T, Kita K, Yonekura S, Roh SG.Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kami-ina, Japan.

Influences of a specific dietary nutrient on glucagon-like peptide (GLP)-1-containing cells in the chicken intestine are not yet clear. Significance of dietary protein level on GLP-1-containing cells in the chicken ileum was investigated. Chickens fed control or experimental diets of varying protein levels were examined using immunohistochemical and morphometrical techniques. We show that the protein ingestion had an impact on the activities of GLP-1-immunoreactive cells in the chicken ileum. Weight gains declined with decreasing dietary crude protein (CP) levels, but no significant differences were detected in the daily feed intake and villous height. GLP-1-immunoreactive cells with a round or oval shape were frequently observed in the lower CP level groups (4% and 0%). Frequencies of occurrence of GLP-1-immunoreactive cells for dietary CP level of 18%, 9%, 4% and 0% groups, respectively and significant differences were recognized between the control and lower CP level groups (P<05).

Multiple regression analysis indicated a significant correlation between the daily protein intake and frequencies of occurrence of GLP-1-immunoreactive cells.