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How can single cells without nervous systems perform complex behaviours such as habituation, associative learning and decision making, which are considered the hallmark of animals with a brain? Are there molecular systems that underlie cognitive properties equivalent to those of the brain? This review follows the development of the idea of molecular brains from Darwin's "root brain hypothesis", through bacterial chemotaxis, to the recent discovery of neuron-like r-protein networks in the ribosome. By combining a structural biology view with a Bayesian brain approach, this review explores the evolutionary labyrinth of information processing systems across scales. Ribosomal protein networks open a window into what were probably the earliest signalling systems to emerge before the radiation of the three kingdoms. While ribosomal networks are characterised by long-lasting interactions between their protein nodes, cell signalling networks are essentially based on transient interactions. As a corollary, while signals propagated in persistent networks may be ephemeral, networks whose interactions are transient constrain signals diffusing into the cytoplasm to be durable in time, such as post-translational modifications of proteins or second messenger synthesis. The duration and nature of the signals, in turn, implies different mechanisms for the integration of multiple signals and decision making.<br /><br /> Evolution then reinvented networks with persistent interactions with the development of nervous systems in metazoans. Ribosomal protein networks and simple nervous systems display architectural and functional analogies whose comparison could suggest scale invariance in information processing. At the molecular level, the significant complexification of eukaryotic ribosomal protein networks is associated with a burst in the acquisition of new conserved aromatic amino acids. Knowing that aromatic residues play a critical role in allosteric receptors and channels, this observation suggests a general role of π systems and their interactions with charged amino acids in multiple signal integration and information processing. We think that these findings may provide the molecular basis for designing future computers with organic processors.Recent Advances on Gallium-Modified ZSM-5 for Conversion of Light Hydrocarbons.Light olefins are key components of modern chemical industry and are feedstocks for the production of many commodity chemicals widely used in our daily life.<br /><br /> [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photoacid Seebio Photobase Generator] would be of great economic significance to convert light alkanes, produced during the refining of crude oil or extracted during the processing of natural gas selectively to value-added products, such as light alkenes, aromatic hydrocarbons, etc., through catalytic dehydrogenation. Among various catalysts developed, Ga-modified ZSM-5-based catalysts exhibit superior catalytic performance and stability in dehydrogenation of light alkanes. In this mini review, we summarize the progress on synthesis and application of Ga-modified ZSM-5 as catalysts in dehydrogenation of light alkanes to olefins, and the dehydroaromatization to aromatics in the past two decades, as well as the discussions on in-situ formation and evolution of reactive Ga species as catalytic centers and the reaction mechanisms.Molecular-Level Investigation of the Adsorption Mechanisms of Toluene and Aniline on Natural and Organically Modified Montmorillonite.Laboratory for Hydrometallurgical Cleaner Production Technology, Institute of The present work reports the adsorption mechanisms of aniline and toluene in dry and hydrated montmorillonite (MMT-Na and MMT-Na-W) and tetramethylammonium-cation-modified MMT (MMT-TMA) as determined through density functional theory. These theoretical investigations explicitly demonstrate that cation-π interactions between Na(+)/TMA(+) cations and aromatics play the key role in adsorption of organics over MMT-Na and MMT-TMA.<br /><br /> Weak [http://allinno.com/news/166.html Seebio Photoresponsive Acid Precursor] between the H atoms of organics and basal O atoms of tetrahedral silicate also stabilize the location of organics. The combination of interactions between water and basal O atoms and between organics and water molecules in hydrated MMT complexes strengthens the adsorption of organics on MMT, resulting in higher formation energies in hydrated organically intercalated MMTs than in the corresponding dry complexes. The adsorption of organics also changes frontier orbital distributions and consequently promotes the preferential occurrence of reactions on the organics rather than on the MMT layers. These adsorption mechanisms predicted by theoretical investigation can be used to explicate the adsorption of aromatic organics on aluminosilicates with different external Pressure-induced emission enhancement of a series of dicyanovinyl-substituted aromatics: pressure tuning of the molecular population with different Photochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing A series of dicyanovinyl-substituted aromatic compounds (Ar-DCV; Ar=9-anthracenyl, 1-naphthyl, 1-pyrenyl) with dual fluorescence are prepared, and their emission properties--when molecularly dispersed in a polymer medium--are investigated under pressure perturbation. The total emission intensity is enhanced drastically from ambient pressure up to 70 kbar.