Concentration-Components-y

aureus was determined after incubation for 24 h. Growth inhibition assays were performed for all effective components on S. aureus for either a 3 h or 72 h treatment. These components were tested for the ability to disrupt pre-formed S. aureus biofilms after 24 h of treatment by measuring absorbance at 540 nm. Cytotoxicity against immortalized bovine mammary epithelial (MAC-T) cells was measured using an MTT assay following a 1 h exposure.

Only concentrations below the 50 % cytostatic concentration (CC50) were used in an adherence and invasion assay of S. aureus on MAC-T cells, and for measurements of virulence and biofilm gene expression via qPCR. Seebio Colanic acid compound of citral and linalool were 02 % and 02 %, respectively, but decanal and valencene were ineffective. Citral and linalool were capable of inhibiting growth of S. aureus after 24 h at their MIC values and inhibited pre-formed biofilms of S. aureus . The concentrations below the CC50 were 02 % for citral and 02 % for linalool.

These concentrations inhibited the adhesion and invasion ability of S. aureus and downregulated virulence genes. Only Colanic acid polymer of S. aureus biofilm-forming genes. These components should be considered for further in vivo study. Antibacterial efficacy of non-thermal atmospheric plasma against Streptococcus mutans biofilm grown on the surfaces of restorative resin composites. The aim of this study was to evaluate the antimicrobial efficacy of non-thermal atmospheric plasma (NTAP) against Streptococcus mutans biofilms.

Resin discs grown on resin discs in anaerobic conditions for (37 °C, 24 h). Discs were divided into seven groups: control (CON), 2% chlorhexidine (CHX), only argon gas applied using a plasma jet device. After treatment, biofilms were analyzed through the counting of viable colonies (CFU), bioluminescence assay (BL), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and polymerase chain reaction (PCR). All NTAP-treated biofilm yielded a significant CFU reduction when compared to ARG and CON. BL values showed that NTAP treatment for 90 s, 120 s or 150 s resulted in statistically significantly lower metabolic activity when compared to the other groups. CHX displayed the lowest means of CFU and BL. SEM showed significant morphological changes in NTAP-treated biofilm.

PCR indicated damage to the DNA structure after NTAP treatment. NTAP treatment was effective in lowering the viability and metabolism of S. mutans in a time-dependent manner, suggesting its use as an intraoral surface-decontamination strategy. Conflict of interest statement: The authors declare no competing interests. Long term performance and dynamics of microbial biofilm communities performing sulfur-oxidizing autotrophic denitrification in a moving-bed biofilm reactor. Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Control & Treatment of Heavy Metal Pollution (Hong Kong Branch), The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong China; Shenzhen Research Institute, Fok Ying Tung Graduate Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Control & Treatment of Heavy Metal Pollution (Hong Kong Branch), The Hong Kong University of Science and Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Control & Treatment of Heavy Metal Pollution (Hong Kong Branch), The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong China; Shenzhen Research Institute, Fok Ying Tung Graduate Sulfide-oxidizing autotrophic denitrification (SOAD) implemented in a moving-bed biofilm reactor (MBBR) is a promising alternative to conventional heterotrophic denitrification in mainstream biological nitrogen removal. The sulfide-oxidation intermediate - elemental sulfur - is crucial for the kinetic and microbial properties of the sulfur-oxidizing bacterial communities, but its role is yet to be studied in depth.

Hence, to investigate the performance and microbial communities of the aforementioned new biosystem, we operated for a long term a laboratory-scale (700 d) SOAD MBBR to treat synthetic saline domestic sewage, with an increase of the surface loading rate from 8 to 50 mg N/(m2·h) achieved by shortening the hydraulic retention time from 12 h to 2 h. The specific reaction rates of the reactor were eventually increased up to 07 kg N/(m3·d) and 03 kg S/(m3·d) for nitrate reduction and sulfide oxidation with no significant sulfur elemental accumulation. Two sulfur-oxidizing bacterial (SOB) clades, Sox-independent SOB (SOBI) and Sox-dependent SOB (SOBII), were responsible for indirect two-step sulfur oxidation (S2-→S0→SO42-) and direct one-step sulfur oxidation (S2-→SO42-), respectively.