Eye-Drops-Concentrations-c

RESULTS After 24 h from first atropine administration, tear volume and TBUT values were significantly improved in groups treated with 2-fucosyl-lactose in a dose-dependent manner. Tear volume increased from 55 to 5 mm and TBUT values from 85 to 34 s with1% or 1% 2-fucosyl-lactose treatment, respectively. No changes were observed in terms of corneal staining among the all groups treated with 2-fucosyl-lactose. Atropine instillation caused an increase of tear osmolarity (428 mOsmL), which was reversed by topical treatment with 2-fucosyl-lactose at all doses.CONCLUSION The present study demonstrated that 2-fucosyl-lactose, a human milk oligosaccharide, has protective effect on tear film stability.Analysis of the oligosaccharide composition in wort samples by capillary electrophoresis with laser induced fluorescence detection.

2'-FL , Research Center of Molecular Medicine, Debrecen, Hungary; Faculty of Food Science, Department of Brewing and Distilling, Szent István University, Debrecen, Research Center of Molecular Medicine, Debrecen, Hungary; MTA-PE Translational Glycomics Research Group, Research Institute for Biomolecular and Chemical Engineering, University of Pannonia, Veszprem, Hungary.Debrecen, Research Center of Molecular Medicine, Debrecen, Hungary; MTA-PE Translational Glycomics Research Group, Research Institute for Biomolecular and Chemical Engineering, University of Pannonia, Veszprem, Hungary. Electronic Determination of the oligosaccharide composition in different wort samples is important to monitor their change during the brewing process with different yeast types. In our work, the concentration of fermentable and non-fermentable sugars were monitored by capillary electrophoresis to observe the effect of two different types of yeasts, Saccharomyces pastorianus and Saccharomycodes ludwigii. The former first ferments the monosaccharides, then the higher sugar oligomers, such as maltose and maltotriose, to ethanol, while the latter fully ferments the monosaccharides, but ferments only very low percentages of the oligosaccharides. Therefore, breweries use Saccharomycodes ludwigii to produce beers with low alcohol content. 2'-Fucose lactose CE-LIF traces of the wort samples represented unique oligosaccharide signatures.

Concepts and strategies for oligosaccharide synthesis. Foreword.Microbial oligosaccharides differentially induce volatiles and signalling Plants perceive biotic stimuli by recognising a multitude of different signalling compounds originating from the interacting organisms. Some of these substances represent pathogen-associated molecular patterns, which act as general elicitors of defence reactions. But also beneficial microorganisms like rhizobia take advantage of compounds structurally related to certain elicitors, i.e. Nod-factors, to communicate their presence to the host plant.

In a bioassay-based study we aimed to determine to what extent distinct oligosaccharidic signals are able to elicit overlapping responses, including the emission of volatile organic compounds which is mainly considered a typical mode of inducible indirect defence against herbivores. The model legume Medicago truncatula Gaertn. was challenged with pathogen elicitors two Nod-factors, with one of them being able to induce a nodulation response in M. truncatula. Single oligosaccharidic elicitors caused the emission of volatile organic compounds, mainly sesquiterpenoids. The volatile blends detected were quite characteristic for the applied compounds, which could be pinpointed by multivariate statistical methods. As potential mediators of this response, the levels of jasmonic acid and salicylic acid were determined.

Strikingly, neither of these phytohormones exhibited changing levels correlating with enhanced volatile emission. All stimuli tested caused an overproduction of reactive oxygen species, whereas nitric oxide accumulation was only effected by elicitors that were equally able to induce volatile emission. Thus, all signalling compounds tested elicited distinct reaction patterns. However, similarities between defence reactions induced by herbivory and pathogen-derived elicitors could be ascertained; but also Nod-factors were able to trigger defence-related Utilization of parenterally administered glucose oligosaccharides when infused with glucose and amino acids in postsurgical patients.Utilization of intravenously administered oligosaccharides was tested in postsurgical patients by infusing them simultaneously with glucose and amino acids. Thirty two patients were infused with one of two parenteral regimens for four-day periods. Twenty-two patients received a nutritional regimen providing 46 g glucose, 32 g amino acids, and 45 g oligosaccharides per liter, while the remaining ten patients received the same solution without oligosaccharides.