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An HFS diet increased ALT, AST, TC, TG, and LDL serum levels, decreased HDL serum levels, and increased IL-6, TNF-α, 8-OHdG, and MDA levels. Lactose-N-neotetraose were reduced by FOS. FOS also increased intestinal and serum levels of short chain fatty acids (SCFAs). In vitro, SCFAs ameliorated palmitic acid-induced ROS production and apoptosis of HepG2 cells.CONCLUSION FOS supplementation lowers serum lipid levels and ameliorates HFS-induced inflammation by upregulating SCFAs.Fructooligosaccharides are naturally occurring compounds that have been reported in a variety of plants.

Neosugar is a fructooligosaccharide mixture of 1F-(1-beta-fructofuranosyl)-sucrose polymers which is produced on a commercial scale from sucrose using a fungal fructosyltransferase. The resulting product is to times as sweet as sugar and is resistant to digestion by mammalian alpha-amylase, sucrase and maltase. Although Neosugar is non-digestible in humans, it is selectively utilized by bifidobacteria. Neosugar has been examined extensively in human and animal studies which indicate a lack of toxicity, carcinogenicity and genotoxic effects. Neosugar is used as a feed additive for poultry and swine in Japan and has been approved in foods as a raw material. Additional studies in progress in the US suggest that it could provide an economic alternative as an additive to poultry and swine feed.Non-Digestible Oligosaccharides A Novel Treatment for Respiratory InfectionsEmerging antimicrobial resistance in respiratory infections requires novel intervention strategies.

Non-digestible oligosaccharides (NDOs) are a diverse group of carbohydrates with broad protective effects. In addition to promoting the colonization of beneficial gut microbiota and maintaining the intestinal homeostasis, NDOs act as decoy receptors, effectively blocking the attachment of pathogens on host cells. NDOs also function as a bacteriostatic agent, inhibiting the growth of specific pathogenic bacteria. Based on this fact, NDOs potentiate the actions of antimicrobial drugs. Therefore, there is an increasing interest in characterizing the anti-infective properties of NDOs. This focused review provides insights into the mechanisms by which representative NDOs may suppress respiratory infections by targeting pathogens and host cells. We summarized the most interesting mechanisms of NDOs, including maintenance of gut microbiota homeostasis, interference with TLR-mediated signaling, anti-oxidative effects and bacterial toxin neutralization, bacteriostatic and bactericidal effects, and anti-adhesion or anti-invasive properties.

A detailed understanding of anti-infective mechanisms of NDOs against respiratory pathogens may contribute to the development of add-on therapy or alternatives to Conflict of interest statement The authors declare no conflict of interest.Structure of the oligosaccharide chain of the SR-type lipopolysaccharide of Aiming at improving classification and taxonomy of Gram-negative phytopathogenic bacteria, we studied the structure of the lipopolysaccharide of Ralstonia solanacearum. Mild acid hydrolysis of the lipopolysaccharide of strain Toudk-2 followed by gel chromatography resulted in an O-polysaccharide and two oligosaccharide fractions. Snag it now -size oligosaccharide fraction was studied by sugar analysis, high-resolution electrospray ionization mass spectrometry, and, after fractionation by anion-exchange chromatography on HiTrap Q, by one- and two-dimensional (1)H and (13)C NMR spectroscopy. It was found that the isolated oligosaccharides consist of the lipopolysaccharide core with one O-polysaccharide repeat (O-unit) attached. The core exists in two major glycoforms differing from each other in a lateral octulosonic acid residue, which is either D-glycero-D-talo-oct-2-ulosonic acid or 3-deoxy-D-manno-oct-2-ulosonic acid. A peculiar feature of the core is the occurrence of 4-amino-4-deoxy-L-arabinose nonstoichiometrically linked to a heptose residue.

The full structures of the core and the biological O-unit as well as the site of the attachment of the O-unit to the core were established.Synthetic glycosylation of proteins using N-(beta-saccharide) iodoacetamides applications in site-specific glycosylation and solid-phase enzymic A simple and efficient synthetic glycosylation method suitable for use in solid-phase enzymic oligosaccharide synthesis and site-specific glycosylation of recombinant proteins to produce defined glycoforms is described. This strategy utilizes N-(beta-saccharide) haloacetamides for attaching oligosaccharides specifically to cysteine residues of proteins in solution to form neoglycoproteins. The alkylation reaction was tested using N-(beta-chitotriose) bromoacetamide and an unprotected synthetic hexapeptide containing a single cysteine residue.