Part-Review-Study-Casein-Peptides-Activities-o

Some of them behaved as immunomodulators or casomorphins or angiotensin I converting enzyme inhibitors; others demonstrated an effect on platelet functions. A 'strategic zone' containing immunostimulating and opioid peptides could be located in cow and human beta-caseins. Furthermore bitter peptides, emulsifying peptides, calcium absorption enhancing peptides, chymosin-inhibiting peptides, have also been described and several further properties have been attributed to the kappa-caseinoglycopeptide; two tetrasaccharides isolated from the latter possess blood group activities. In conclusion caseins, the main milk proteins, should not only be considered as a nutriment but as a possible source of biologically active components. If, in the future, some of the discussed active peptides cannot be characterized in vivo, they can all, nevertheless, be synthesized and used either as food additives or Human colostrum oligosaccharides modulate major immunologic pathways of immature Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, The immature neonatal intestinal immune system hyperreacts to newly colonizing unfamiliar bacteria. The hypothesis that human milk oligosaccharides from colostrum (cHMOSs) can directly modulate the signaling pathways of the immature mucosa was tested.

Modulation of cytokine immune signaling by HMOSs was measured ex vivo in intact immature (fetal) human intestinal mucosa. From the genes whose transcription was modulated by cHMOSs, Ingenuity Pathway Analysis identified networks controlling immune cell communication, intestinal mucosal immune system differentiation, and homeostasis. cHMOSs attenuate pathogen-associated molecular pattern-stimulated acute phase inflammatory cytokine protein levels while elevating cytokines involved in tissue repair and homeostasis. In all, 3'-, 4-, and 6'-galactosyllactoses of cHMOSs account for specific immunomodulation of polyinosinicpolycytodylic acid-induced IL-8 levels. cHMOSs attenuate mucosal responses to surface inflammatory stimuli during early development, while enhancing signals that support maturation of the intestinal Donkey milk oligosaccharides influence the growth-related characteristics of intestinal cells and induce G2M growth arrest via the p38 pathway in HT-29 College of Food Science & Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural Donkey milk is considered to be a valuable nutritional source. Deeper knowledge of the constituents of donkey milk is necessary. As 2'-fucosyllactose of milk, oligosaccharides have been reported to have the potential to support intestine development.

We studied the composition and content of donkey milk oligosaccharides (DMOs). Sialylated 2'-fucosyllactose were found to be the primary oligosaccharides in DMOs, consisting of 3'-sialyllactose (SL) and 6'-SL. The amount of 3'-SL and 6'-SL in donkey milk was 18 ± mg L-1 and 33 ± mg L-1, respectively. Moreover, we found that DMOs induced differentiation, promoted apoptosis and inhibited proliferation in HT-29, Caco-2 and HIEC cells in a concentration-dependent manner, suggesting that DMOs promote maturation of intestinal epithelial cells. The mechanism of the DMOs' effects on HT-29 cells was associated with activation of the p38 pathway and cell cycle arrest at the G2M phase. Our research will help understand the biological functions of DMOs and assess their potential roles in infant nutrition.A synbiotic mixture of selected oligosaccharides and bifidobacteria assists murine gut microbiota restoration following antibiotic challenge.

Hoedt EC(1)(2), Hueston CM(1), Cash N(1), Bongers RS(3), Keane JM(1), van Limpt K(3), Ben Amor K(3), Knol J(3)(4), MacSharry J(#)(5)(6)(7), van Sinderen BACKGROUND Typically, animal models studying gastrointestinal microbiotas compromised in early life have employed either germ-free animals or mice treated with a cocktail of antibiotics. Such studies intend to mimic scenarios of infants born by caesarean section andor subjected to antibiotic treatment. However, the antibiotics used in these studies are rarely prescribed to infants. Therefore, an early life model was developed in which the murine gastrointestinal microbiota was severely disrupted by clindamycin treatment.RESULTS In this mouse model, we investigated the extent supplementation with a synbiotic mixture of prebiotics, being scGOSlcFOS with the human milk oligosaccharide 2'-Fucosyllactose (2'-FL), in combination with or without single strain or mix of infant type bifidobacteria, can rescue an antibiotic-compromised microbiota. Shotgun metagenomic sequencing showed that the microbiota was severely disrupted by the clindamycin challenge.