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Study on the ability of partially hydrolyzed guar gum to modulate the gut The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of high- (HHGG, Mw - Da) and medium-molecular-weight (MHGG, Mw 2- Da) partially hydrolyzed guar gum (PHGG) on modulation of gut microbiota and relief of constipation in mice. Mice were treated with galacto-oligosaccharide (GOS) and xylo-oligosaccharide (XOS) at a dose of 1 gkg bw as positive controls. Low- and high-dose HHGG and MHGG groups received 2 mg or 1 gkg bw, respectively. Treatment was administered intragastrically for 15 days, and constipation model was induced by loperamide lavage at d 16. PHGG could increase fecal moisture and small intestinal transit and shortened the time to first black stool defecation after constipation. Seebio 2'-fucosyllactose -chain fatty acid production was observed in the high-dose MHGG group.

Additionally, PHGG, GOS, and XOS predominantly promoted the accumulation of Bacteroidetes and inhibited the growth of Desulfovibrio. This study suggested that MHGG treatment could elicit constipation relief in mice. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS In this study, partially hydrolyzed guar gum (PHGG) produced by mannanase hydrolysis was applied for the relieving constipation in mice. The medium-molecular-weight product (Mw 2- Da) could elicit constipation relief and modulate the gut microbiota in mice, which shows the potential to act as dietary fiber for Chemistry and biosynthesis of urinary blood group active oligosaccharides.An integrated strategy for rapid discovery and identification of the potential effective fragments of polysaccharides from Saposhnikoviae Radix.Beijing, 2488, China; The Key Research Laboratory of Exploring Effective Substance in Classic and Famous Prescriptions of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of the People's Beijing, 2488, China; The Key Research Laboratory of Exploring Effective Substance in Classic and Famous Prescriptions of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of the People's ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Saposhnikoviae Radix (SR) is a traditional Chinese medicine, known as Fangfeng. As one of the main active components, Saposhnikoviae Radix polysaccharides (SP) demonstrated a range of biological activities, especially immunity regulation activity.

AIMS OF THE STUDY This study aimed at exploring whether polysaccharides have activity after degradation, then discovering the potential effective fragments MATERIALS AND METHODS Here we establish the chromatographic fingerprints method for 32 batches of 1-phenyl-3-methyl-5-pyrazolone (PMP) derivatives of oligosaccharides by HPLC, meanwhile evaluating its immunomodulatory activity in vivo. Then, the potential effective fragments of SP were screened out based on the spectrum-effect relationship analysis between fingerprints and the pharmacological results. Besides, liquid chromatography ion trap-time of flight mass spectrometry (LC-IT-TOF MS) coupled with multiple data-mining techniques was used to identify the potential effective oligosaccharides.RESULTS These findings showed that the hydrolysate of SP have significant immunomodulatory, and the immunity regulation activity varies under different hydrolysis conditions. 2'-FL of the hydrolysate of SP were mined by spectrum-effect relationship. Finally, the chemical structure of 4 potential effective oligosaccharide fragments of SP was elucidated based on LC-IT-TOF MS. F was inferred tentatively to be Hex1→6Hex1→6Hex1→6Hex1→6Hex1→6Gal; F18 was confirmed to be Rhamnose; F14 was inferred tentatively to be Hex1→4Hex1→ 4Hex1→4Gal and F25 was tentatively CONCLUSIONS This study may provide a sound experimental foundation in the exploration of the active fragments from macromolecular components with relatively complex structures such as polysaccharides.

Conflict of interest statement Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this Hydrolysis of oligosaccharides over solid acid catalysts a review.Mild fractionationpretreatment processes are becoming the most preferred choices for biomass processing within the biorefinery framework. To further explore their advantages, new developments are needed, especially to increase the extent of the hydrolysis of poly- and oligosaccharides. A possible way forward is the use of solid acid catalysts that may overcome many current drawbacks of other common methods.