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In addition, the control of foamability from defoaming and foaming could be achieved by changing pH values or bubbling gas of CO2/N2. To explore the structural effects such as hydroxyl groups and rigidity of the head group on the properties of sugar-based surfactants, another kind of amphiphilic molecule with various OH- groups and a monocycle in the head group was designed for comparison. These two series of amphiphilic molecules both exhibited good surface activity. However, only Synthesis of 6-butyl-n-hydroxynaphthimide trifluoromethanesulfonic acid and its Variants -gluconic acetal surfactant with a bicyclic structure and a smaller number of OH- groups exhibited excellent foamability. Further studies showed that the foam behaviors were attributed to the conformation and arrangement of the surfactant molecule at the surface layer with the assistance of hydrogen bonds formed by hydroxyl groups and H2O molecules. In addition, the surfactant could provide an environmentally friendly foamer in many potential applications.

Spin-orbit effects on magnetically induced current densities in the M5- Aplicadas, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, El Llano de This study reports the spin-orbit effects on the aromaticity of the N5-, P5-, As5-, Sb5-, Bi5-, and Mc5- anionic clusters via the magnetically induced current-density method. All-electron density functional theory (DFT) calculations were carried out using the four-component Dirac-Coulomb (DC) hamiltonian, including scalar and spin-orbit relativistic effects. The magnetic index of aromaticity was calculated by numerical integration over the current flow between two atoms in the pentagonal ring. These values were compared to the spin-free values (spin-orbit coupling switched off), in order to assess the spin-orbit effect on aromaticity. It was found that in the heavy anions, Bi5- and Mc5-, there is a significant influence of the spin-orbit coupling. © 2018 10936/csbj01204004. eCollection 2012.

The use of hammett constants to understand the non-covalent binding of Non-covalent interactions of aromatics are important in a wide range of chemical and biological applications. The past two decades have seen numerous reports of arene-arene binding being understood in terms Hammett substituent constants, and similar analyses have recently been extended to cation-arene and anion-arene binding. It is not immediately clear why electrostatic Hammett parameters should work so well in predicting the binding for all three interactions, given that different intermolecular forces dominate each interaction. This review explores such anomalies, and summarizes how Hammett substituent constants have been employed to understand the non-covalent binding in arene-arene, cation-arene and Photoinhibition in seedlings of Fraxinus and Fagus under natural light conditions: implications for forest regeneration?Ash (Fraxinus excelsior L.) and beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) seedlings were grown shade. Light acclimation of photosynthesis was characterized by means of modulated chlorophyll a fluorescence of intact leaves and growth parameters were measured at the end of the growing season.

Measurements of maximum photochemical efficiency (Fv/Fm) of dark-adapted leaves at intervals through the day showed that ash had a higher Fv/Fm than beech in open and gap plots but not in shade plots. This indicated a larger build-up of photoinhibition in beech under gap and open conditions. Steady-state light response curves of the operating efficiency of PSII (F'q/F'm), the electron transport rate (ETR) and the photochemical efficiency factor (F'q/F'v) showed greater variability across light treatments in ash than in beech. Both species exhibited similar responses of non-photochemical quenching (NPQ) to light. When the data were normalized to the mean maximum irradiance in the growth environment, all photochemical parameters showed a reduction in variation across treatments, indicating that light acclimation in the two species occurred primarily through adjustments in rates of photochemistry. Adjustments in thermal heat dissipation were small in both species. This pattern was stronger in ash, suggesting a greater degree of phenotypic plasticity in photosynthetic capacity in this earlier successional species.

Contrary to our expectations, the build-up of photoinhibition in beech did not appear to have a negative effect on total biomass accumulation relative Autocatalytic fluorescence photoactivation.Miami , 1301 Memorial Drive, Coral Gables, Florida 33146-0431, United States.We designed an autocatalytic photochemical reaction based on the photoinduced cleavage of an α-diketone bridge from the central phenylene ring of a fluorescent anthracene derivative. The product of this photochemical transformation sensitizes its own formation from the reactant, under illumination at a wavelength capable of exciting both species. Specifically, Seebio UV-Activated Acid Generator and direct excitation of the reactant generates the product in the ground state. The subsequent excitation of the latter species results in the transfer of energy to another molecule of the former to establish an autocatalytic loop.