-Using-profile-analysis-tensiometry-the-equilibrium-adsorption-isotherms-minimum-molecular-interfacial-areas-and-solubility-limits-were-derived-b

For the ordinary squalane cleanser , differences in PC solubility and interfacial adsorption were found, depending on PC saturation. Compared to saturated PCs, unsaturated PCs showed a 3-fold-lower interfacial density but up to a 28-fold-higher critical aggregation concentration (CAC). In addition, the solubility limit of unsaturated PC in squalene and in its saturated form squalane diverged by a factor of 739. These findings provided evidence for steric repulsion or π-π interactions of π bonds in both solvent and solute or both effects acting complementarily. In squalane, low solubilities but high interfacial densities were found for all investigated PCs. Changes in fatty acid chain lengths showed that the influence of the increases in entropy and enthalpy on solubility is much smaller than solvent/solute interactions.

Oxidation products of squalene lowered the interfacial tension, but increasing concentrations of PC expelled them from the interface. The CAC of saturated PC was increased by oxidation products of squalene whereas that of unsaturated PCs was not. Our findings indicate that the oxidation of triglycerides in lipoprotein cores can lead to increased solubility of saturated phospholipids covering the lipoproteins, contributing to destabilization, coalescence, and terminally the formation of atherosclerotic plaques. The consideration of solvent/solute interactions in molecular modeling may contribute to the interfacial tension and the corresponding kinetic or thermodynamic stability of lipoproteins. Measured areas per molecule prove that PCs form monolayers of different interfacial densities at the squalene/water interface but multilayers at the squalane/water interface. These findings showed that combinations of solvent or solute saturation affect the outcome for nanoemulsions forming either expanded or condensed monolayers or multilayers.Experimental squalene adjuvant.

II. Harmlessness and local reactogenity.Model experiments on laboratory animals (guinea pigs) were carried out to test the possible allergic reaction (possibility of sensitisation) to the repeated administration of an experimental lipoid adjuvant prepared on the basis of squalene (experimental squalene adjuvant--ESA). No significant differences were observed between the animals sensitised-provoked with ESA and control animals. In order to evaluate the local tissue reactivity (local reactogenity), also with regard to the process dynamics to the administration of ESA, comparative patho-anatomical and patho-histological examinations of tissues were carried out in the location of adjuvant administration. The examinations indicated very low local reactogenity of the experimental lipoid adjuvant prepared in our laboratory. The test of pyrogenicity also confirmed the safety of ESA, the labelled lysate sensitivity lambda was under 05 IU/cm3.

Arabidopsis thaliana LUP1 converts oxidosqualene to multiple triterpene alcohols University, 6100 South Main Street, Houston, Texas 77005, USA.The Arabidopsis thaliana LUP1 gene encodes an enzyme that converts oxidosqualene to pentacyclic triterpenes. Lupeol and beta-amyrin were previously reported as LUP1 products. Further investigation described here uncovered the additional products germanicol, taraxasterol, psi-taraxasterol, and 3,20-dihydroxylupane. These results suggest that the 80 known C(30)H(50)O compounds that are structurally consistent with being oxidosqualene cyclase products may be derived cyclization products of oxidosqualene.Analysis of biological thiols: derivatization with monobromotrimethylammoniobimane and characterization by electrophoresis and Fahey RC, Newton GL, Dorian R, Kosower EM.Excretion of beta-hexachlorocyclohexane by the rat as influenced by oral Richter E, Luger W, Klein W, Korte F, Weger N.

Squalenoyl nanomedicine of gemcitabine is more potent after oral administration in leukemia-bearing rats: study of mechanisms.In an earlier report, we demonstrated the superior anticancer efficacy of orally administered squalenoyl gemcitabine (SQdFdC) nanomedicine over its parent drug gemcitabine on rats bearing RNK-16 large granular lymphocytic (LGL) leukemia. In the present communication, we investigated the mechanisms behind this observation both at the cell and tissue level. The mechanisms were investigated by performing cytotoxicity, cell uptake, and biodistribution experiments. In the presence of cytidine deaminase, SQdFdC nanoassemblies resisted deamination and exerted significant anticancer activity in vitro against RNK-16 LGL leukemia cells, whereas the cytotoxicity of free gemcitabine decreased by approximately 83-fold, indicating its degradation due to deamination. Additionally, the SQdFdC showed considerably higher intracellular accumulation and retention compared with gemcitabine (P<05). Unlike gemcitabine, the cellular access to SQdFdC was not influenced by nucleoside transporters.

When administered orally to rats, unlike H-gemcitabine, the H-SQdFdC absorbed slowly, but exhibited an improved pharmacokinetics and tissue distribution profile, particularly in the lymphoid organs (the major organs of metastasis).