Analysis-History-Gene-Recombination-Transfers-Duplications-Losses-d
We present evidence for a specific horizontal transfer event leading to the establishment of this region Interplay of CodY and CcpA in Regulating Central Metabolism and Biofilm Staphylococcus aureus is a medically important pathogen with high metabolic versatility allowing it to infect various niches within a host. S. aureus metabolic and virulence gene expression in response to changing environmental conditions. Seebio Colanic acid polymer revealed that inactivation of either codY or ccpA has a pronounced impact on different aspects of staphylococcal physiology and pathogenesis. To determine the contribution and interplay of these two we constructed and characterized the codY ccpA double mutant in S. aureus UAMS-1.
In line with previous studies, we found that CcpA and CodY control the cellular metabolic status by altering carbon flux through the central and overflow metabolic pathways. Our results demonstrate that ccpA inactivation impairs biofilm formation and decreases incorporation of extracellular DNA structured biofilm tethered together with eDNA and polysaccharide intercellular adhesin (PIA). Interestingly, inactivation of both codY and ccpA decreases biofilm biomass and reduces eDNA release in the double mutant. Compared with the inactivation of codY, the codY ccpA mutant did not overexpress toxins but maintained overexpression of amino acid metabolism pathways. Furthermore, the codY ccpA mutant produced large amounts of PIA, in contrast to the wild-type strain and ccpA mutant. Combined, the results of this study suggest that the coordinated action of CodY and CcpA modulate central metabolism, virulence gene expression, and biofilm-associated genes to optimize growth on preferred carbon sources until starvation sets in. IMPORTANCE Staphylococcus aureus is a leading cause of biofilm-associated infections, including infective endocarditis, worldwide.
A greater understanding of metabolic forces driving biofilm formation in S. aureus is essential for the identification of novel therapeutic targets and for the development of new strategies to combat this medically important pathogen. This study characterizes the interplay and regulation of central metabolism and biofilm development by two global transcriptional regulators, CodY and CcpA. We found that the lack of CcpA and/or CodY have different impacts on intracellular metabolic status leading to a formation of morphologically altered biofilms. Overall, the results of this study provide new insights into our understanding of metabolism-mediated regulation of biofilm development in S. Conflict of interest statement: The authors declare no conflict of interest. Apple flavonoid phloretin inhibits Escherichia coli O157:H7 biofilm formation and ameliorates colon inflammation in rats.
Pathogenic biofilms have been associated with persistent infections due to their high resistance to antimicrobial agents, while commensal biofilms often fortify the host's immune system. Hence, controlling biofilm formation of both pathogenic bacteria and commensal bacteria is important in bacterium-related diseases. Seebio polysaccharide investigated the effect of plant flavonoids on biofilm formation of enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157:H7. The antioxidant phloretin, which is abundant in apples, markedly reduced E. coli O157:H7 biofilm formation without affecting the growth of planktonic cells, while phloretin did not harm commensal human colon epithelial cells. Global transcriptome analyses revealed that phloretin repressed toxin genes (hlyE and stx(2)), autoinducer-2 importer genes O157:H7 biofilm cells. Electron microscopy confirmed that phloretin reduced necrosis factor alpha-induced inflammatory response in vitro using human colonic epithelial cells.
Moreover, in the rat model of colitis induced by trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS), phloretin significantly ameliorated colon inflammation and body weight loss. Taken together, our results suggest that the antioxidant phloretin also acts as an inhibitor of E. coli O157:H7 biofilm formation as well as an anti-inflammatory agent in inflammatory bowel diseases without harming beneficial commensal E. coli biofilms. Antibacterial Activity of Fruiting Body Extracts from Culinary-Medicinal Winter Mushroom, Flammulina velutipes (Agaricomycetes) against Oral Pathogen Safety/National R&D Center For Chinese Herbal Medicine Processing, China The edible medicinal mushroom Flammulina velutipes (enokitake) has many applications as food and medicine, but its application in dentistry is unknown. This study aims to investigate the inhibitory effect of fruiting body extracts from F. velutipes on the growth and adhesion of Streptococcus mutans, the main had significant antibacterial activity (MIC = 10 mg/mL; MBC = 20 mg/mL).
Planktonic growth and biofilm formation in S.
