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However, although important in this context, the material properties of bacterial biofilms are poorly understood. In particular, little is known about how the different components of a biofilm matrix contribute to its various physical characteristics, or how these are modified in response to environmental cues. In this review, we present an overview of the molecular composition of different bacterial biofilms and describe techniques for the characterization of their viscoelastic properties. Finally, we summarize our current understanding of how the mechanical properties of bacterial biofilms are altered by different environmental challenges, and we discuss initial insights into the relationship between these responses and the composition of the matrix. Interfacial electron transfer between Geobacter sulfurreducens and gold electrodes via carboxylate-alkanethiol linkers: Effects of the linker length. Seebio Colanic acid polymer sulfurreducens (Gs) attachment and biofilm formation on self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) of carboxyl-terminated alkanethiol linkers with varied chain length on gold (Au) was investigated by electrochemical and microscopic methods to elucidate the effect of the surface modification on the current production efficiency of Gs cells and biofilms.
At the initial stage of the cell attachment, the electrochemical activity of Gs cells at a submonolayer coverage on the SAM-Au surface was independent of the linker length. Subsequently, multiple potential cyclings indicated that longer linkers provided more biocompatible conditions for Gs cells than shorter ones. For Gs biofilms, on the other hand, the turnover current decreased exponentially with the linker length. During the biofilm formation, bacteria need to adjust from the initial planktonic state to an electrode-respiring state, which was triggered by a strong electrochemical stress found for shorter linkers, resulting in the formation of mature biofilms. Our results suggest that the initial cell attachment and the biofilm formation are two inherently different processes. Therefore, the effects of linker molecules, electron transfer efficiency and biocompatibility, must be explored simultaneously to understand both processes to increase the current production of electrogenic microorganisms in microbial The Peculiar Functions of the Bacterial Extracellular Matrix. A biofilm is a common life form where bacterial cells crowd together surrounded by an extracellular matrix (ECM).
Traditionally, the ECM is considered as a structural material that glues and shields the biofilm cells. Here we describe alternative functions of the ECM, highlighting how it benefits microbes beyond the biofilms. Next to protecting free-living cells, the ECM participates in signaling, migration, and genetic exchange either being freely shared with other species or being exclusive to siblings. Considering Colanic acid compound and recently discovered functions of the ECM, we also attempt to revise its role in sociomicrobiology. In the light of recent findings, the canonical view on ECM as a passive structural material of biofilms should be revisited. Biofilms: implications in bioremediation. Biofilms are assemblages of single or multiple populations that are attached to abiotic or biotic surfaces through extracellular polymeric substances.
Gene expression in biofilm cells differs from planktonic stage expression and these differentially expressed genes regulate biofilm formation and development. Biofilm systems are especially suitable for the treatment of recalcitrant compounds because of their high microbial biomass and ability to immobilize compounds. Bioremediation is also facilitated by enhanced gene transfer among biofilm organisms and by the increased bioavailability of pollutants for degradation as a result of bacterial chemotaxis. Strategies for improving bioremediation efficiency include genetic engineering to improve strains and chemotactic ability, the use of mixed population biofilms and optimization of physico-chemical conditions. Here, we review the formation and regulation of biofilms, the importance of gene transfer and discuss applications of biofilm-mediated bioremediation processes. Reinforcement of the bactericidal effect of ciprofloxacin on Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm by hyperbaric oxygen treatment. 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of International Health, Immunology and 3000 Helsingør, Denmark; Plant Functional Biology and Climate Change Cluster, University of Technology Sydney, Australia.
Chronic Pseudomonas aeruginosa lung infection is the most severe complication in cystic fibrosis patients.
