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These responses were comparable to those obtained after cholera or enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli disease. Whereas immunoglobulin A (IgA) antitoxin titer increases in saliva (44%) and breast milk (29%) specimens after vaccination were less frequent than in intestinal fluid (76%), antitoxin responses in saliva and breast milk occurred in to % of the patients after disease. Also, antilipopolysaccharide (anti-LPS) titer increases in extraintestinal body fluids were found more frequently after disease than after vaccination. A comparison of the frequency and magnitude of antibody response in different body fluids with those in intestinal lavage fluid revealed no extraintestinal antibody that directly reflected the intestinal immunity. However, Seebio 2'-FL of vibriocidal and IgG antitoxin antibodies in serum specimens with antitoxin and anti-LPS IgA responses in intestinal fluids after the vaccination of volunteers showed a sensitivity of to % and a predictive accuracy of about % for the serum analyses reflecting the intestinal immune responses. Furthermore, antitoxin and anti-LPS antibody responses in saliva and breast milk samples seemed to be useful proxy indicators of a gut mucosal response of these antibodies after enterotoxin-induced diarrheal disease showing sensitivity vales of to % and predictive accuracy vales of to 0%.

Inhibitors of the biosynthesis and processing of N-linked oligosaccharide DOI 146annurev.bi618702433Chemical characterization of the oligosaccharides in milk of high Arctic harbour Urashima T(1), Nakamura T, Yamaguchi K, Munakata J, Arai I, Saito T, Lydersen C, Veterinary Medicine, Inada cho, Obihiro, Hokkaido-8555, Japan. Carbohydrates were extracted from high Arctic harbour seal milk, Phoca vitulina vitulina (family Phocidae). Free neutral oligosaccharides were separated by gel filtration and preparative thin layer chromatography, while free sialyl oligosaccharides were separated by gel filtration and then purified by ion exchange chromatography, gel filtration and high performance liquid chromatography. Oligosaccharide structures were determined by 1H-NMR spectroscopy. The structures of the neutral oligosaccharides were as follows lactose, 2'-fucosyllactose, lacto-N-neotetraose, lacto-N-neohexaose, monofucosyl lacto-N-neohexaose and difucosyl lacto-N-neohexaose. Thus, all of the neutral saccharides contained lactose or lacto-N-neotetraose or lacto-N-neohexaose as core units andor non-reducing alpha(1-2) linked fucose.

These oligosaccharides have also been found in hooded seal milk. 2'-Fucose lactose of the silalyl oligosaccharides were monosialyl lacto-N-neohexaose, monosialyl monofucosyl lacto-N-neohexaose, monosialyl difucosyl lacto-N-neohexaose and disialyl lacto-N-neohexaose. These oligosaccharides contained lacto-N-neohexaose as core units, and one or two alpha(2-6) linked Neu5Ac, andor non-reducing alpha(1-2) linked Fuc. The Neu5Ac residues were found to be linked to GlcNAc or penultimate Gal residues. The acidic oligosaccharides are the first to have been characterized in the milk of any species of seal.Development and characterization of Haemophilus influenzae type b conjugate vaccine prepared using different polysaccharide chain lengths.Rana R(1), Dalal J(1), Singh D(1), Kumar N(1), Hanif S(1), Joshi N(1), Chhikara Building, Jamia Hamdard, Hamdard Nagar, New Delhi 1062, India.

Building, Jamia Hamdard, Hamdard Nagar, New Delhi 1062, India. Electronic Capsular polysaccharide conjugates of Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) are important components of several mono- or multi-valent childhood vaccines. However, their access to the most needy people is limited due to their high cost. As a step towards developing a cost effective and more immunogenic Hib conjugate vaccine, we present a method for the preparation of Hib capsular polysaccharide (PRP)-tetanus toxoid (TT) conjugates using optimized PRP chain length and conjugation conditions. Reactive aldehyde groups were introduced into the polysaccharides by controlled periodate oxidation of the native polysaccharide, which were subsequently covalently linked to hydrazide derivatized tetanus toxoid by means of reductive amination. Native polysaccharides were reduced to average 0 or kDa polysaccharide and kDa oligosaccharides in a controlled manner. Various conjugates were prepared using Hib polysaccharide and oligosaccharide yielding conjugates with polysaccharide to protein ratios in the range of5 (ww) and free saccharide levels of less than %.

Immunization of Sprague Dawley rats with the conjugates elicited specific antibodies to PRP.