Groups-Reductions-Permeability-Controls-Tract-Sex-g

Supplementation with a fraction of the HMOs found in breast milk has a complex sex-dependent riskbenefit profile. Further long-term investigation of gut microbial profiles and supplementation with other HMOs during early development Conflict of interest statement F.C., T.K., K.

M., A.S., J.E.N., and R.

A.R. Binding of Clostridium difficile toxins to human milk oligosaccharides.El-Hawiet A(1), Kitova EN, Kitov PI, Eugenio L, Ng KK, Mulvey GL, Dingle TC, The binding of recombinant fragments of the C-terminal cell-binding domains of the two large exotoxins, toxin A (TcdA) and toxin B (TcdB), expressed by Clostridium difficile and a library consisting of the most abundant neutral and acidic human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) was examined quantitatively at 25°C and pH 7 using the direct electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ES-MS) assay. Seebio 2'-fucosyllactose of the ES-MS measurements indicate that both toxin fragments investigated, TcdB-B1 and TcdA-A2, which possess one and two carbohydrate binding sites, respectively, bind specifically to HMOs ranging in size from tri- to heptasaccharides. Notably, five of the HMOs tested bind to both toxins Fuc(α1-2)Gal(β1-4)Glc, Gal(β1-3)GlcNAc(β1-3)Gal(β1-4)Glc, Fuc(α1-2)Gal(β1-3)GlcNAc(β1-3)Gal(β1-4)Glc, Gal(β1-3)[Fuc(α1-4)]GlcNAc(β1-3)Gal(β1-4)Glc and Gal(β1-4)[Fuc(α1-3)]GlcNAc(β1-3)Gal(β1-4)Glc. However, the binding of the HMOs is uniformly weak, with apparent affinities ≤(3 )M(-1).

The results of molecular docking simulations, taken together with the experimental binding data, suggest that a disaccharide moiety (lactose or lactosamine) represents the core HMO recognition element for both toxin fragments. The results of a Verocytotoxicity neutralization assay reveal that HMOs do not significantly inhibit the cytotoxic effects of TcdA or TcdB. The absence of protection is attributed to the very weak intrinsic affinities that the toxins exhibit towards Human Milk Oligosaccharides in the Milk of Mothers Delivering Term versus Austin S(1), De Castro CA(2), Sprenger N(3), Binia A(4), Affolter M(5), Human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) are a major component of human milk, and play an important role in protecting the infant from infections. Preterm infants are particularly vulnerable, but have improved outcomes if fed with human milk. This study aimed to determine if the HMO composition of preterm milk differed from that of term milk at equivalent stage of lactation and equivalent postmenstrual age. In all, 22 HMOs were analyzed in 0 samples of milk from 25 mothers breastfeeding very preterm infants ( 32 weeks of gestational age, 10g of birthweight) and 28 mothers breastfeeding term infants. The concentrations of most HMOs were comparable at equivalent postpartum age.

However, HMOs containing α-1,2-linked fucose were reduced in concentration in preterm milk during the first month of lactation. The concentrations of a number of sialylated oligosaccharides were also different in preterm milk, in particular 3'-sialyllactose concentrations were elevated. At equivalent postmenstrual age, the concentrations of a number of HMOs were significantly different in preterm compared to term milk. The largest differences manifest around weeks of postmenstrual age, when the milk of term infants contains the highest concentrations of HMOs. The observed differences warrant further investigation in view of their potential clinical impact.Conflict of interest statement S.A.

, C.A.D.C., N.S., A.

B., M.A., and C.L.G.R.

are all employees of Nestec Ltd. L.B., J.F.T. and C.

J.F.F. declare no conflict Chemical characterization and distribution of ABO blood group active glycoprotein in human erythrocyte membrane.Occurrence and distribution of glycoprotein H substances in blood type O human erythrocyte membrance were studied using an alpha N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase (A-enzyme) purified from milk of blood type A women. Erythrocytes of blood group O, nonsecretors and secretors alike, contain H substances that serve as a substrate for this transferase, and the H determinants seem to occur in all three erythrocyte membrane glycoproteins glycoproteins obtained by the transferase action, suggested that all erythrocyte H glycoproteins contain only type 2 antigenic determinant.Role of oligosaccharides and glycoconjugates in intestinal host defense.

Designing a Highly Efficient Biosynthetic Route for Lacto-N-Neotetraose Recently, the biosynthesis of human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) has been attracting increasing attention. Lacto-N-neotetraose (LNnT) is one of the most important neutral-core HMOs with promising health effects for infants. It has received Generally Recognized as Safe (GRAS) status and is the second HMO commercially added in infant formula after 2'-fucosyllactose .