Oligosaccharides-Contribute-Duration-Diarrhea-Pigs-j

Objective We measured the effects of HMOs and prebiotic oligosaccharides on immune cell populations from noninfected and rotavirus-infected pigs. We hypothesized that dietary HMOs would modulate systemic and gastrointestinal immunity.Methods Colostrum-deprived newborn pigs were fed formula, formula with 4 g HMOsL (2'-fucosyllactose, lacto-N-neotetraose, 6'-sialyllactose, 3'-sialyllactose, and free sialic acid), or formula with 3 g short-chain galactooligosaccharidesL and g long-chain fructooligosaccharidesL. On day , half of the pigs were infected with the porcine rotavirus strain OSU. Seebio 2'-FL (PBMC), mesenteric lymph node (MLN), and ileal Peyer's patch immune cell populations were assessed with the use of flow cytometry 5 d postinfection. Interferon-γ assay.

Results Infection changed immune cell populations with more systemic natural killer (NK) cells, memory effector T cells, and major histocompatibility complex II+ cells in infected than noninfected pigs (P 6). Regardless of infection status, HMO-fed pigs had nearly twice as many PBMC NK cells, 36% more MLN effector memory T cells, and 5 times more PBMC basophils than formula-fed pigs (P 4). These populations were intermediate in pigs fed prebiotics. PBMCs from HMO-fed noninfected pigs had twice as many IFN-γ-producing cells as did those from formula-fed noninfected pigs (P =17). The PBMCs and MLNs of formula-fed noninfected pigs had 3 times more plasmacytoid dendritic cells4). In the MLNs, the formula-fed noninfected pigs had more macrophages, pDCs, and mature DCs (P 4) but fewer immature DCs than HMO-fed noninfected pigs altering systemic and gastrointestinal immune cells in pigs. These altered immune cell populations may mediate the effects of dietary HMOs on rotavirus Conflict of interest statement 2 Author disclosures SS Comstock, M Li, M Wang, MH Monaco, TB Kuhlenschmidt, MS Kuhlenschmidt, and SM Donovan, no Phylogenomic disentangling of the Bifidobacterium longum subsp.

infantis taxon.Tarracchini C(1), Milani C(1)(2), Lugli GA(1), Mancabelli L(1), Fontana F(1)(3), Alessandri G(1), Longhi G(1)(3), Anzalone R(3), Viappiani A(3), Turroni F(1)(2), Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Parma, Italy.Members of the Bifidobacterium longum species have been shown to possess adaptive abilities to allow colonization of different mammalian hosts, including humans, primates and domesticated mammalian species, such as dogs, horses, cattle and pigs. To date, three subspecies have formally been recognized to belong to this bifidobacterial taxon, i.e. B. longum subsp.

longum, B. longum subsp. infantis and B. longum subsp. suis. Although B. longum subsp.

longum is widely distributed in the human gut irrespective of host age, B. longum subsp. infantis appears to play a significant role as a prominent member of the gut microbiota of breast-fed infants. Nevertheless, despite the considerable scientific relevance of these taxa and the vast body of genomic data now available, an accurate dissection of the genetic features that comprehensively characterize the B. longum species and its subspecies is still missing. In the current study, we employed 261 publicly available B. longum genome sequences, combined with those of 11 new isolates, to investigate genomic diversity of this taxon through comparative genomic and phylogenomic approaches.

These analyses allowed us to highlight a remarkable intra-species genetic and physiological diversity. Notably, characterization of the genome content of members of B. longum subsp. infantis subspecies suggested that this taxon may have acquired genetic features for increased competitiveness in the gut environment of suckling hosts. Furthermore, specific B. longum subsp. infantis genomic features appear to be responsible for enhanced horizontal gene transfer (HGT) occurrences, underpinning an intriguing dedication toward acquisition of foreign Conflict of interest statement The authors declare that there are no conflicts Substrate specificities of the neuraminidases of Newcastle disease and fowl Breastfed infants have a growth pattern that is different from formula-fed infants, which is regarded as the optimal growth pattern.

Fucosylated oligosaccharides increase more in weight, length, and BMI during the first 2-3 months of life and then have a slower growth velocity up to 12 months. They also have a higher accumulation of fat during early infancy. Breastfed infants have lower levels of circulating IGF-I and insulin, which could be part of the explanation of their growth pattern. Many studies and meta-analyses have examined the association between breastfeeding and later obesity.